Просвещение как форма популяризации культурно- художественных достижений этнических меньшинств Украины: тенденции 1990-2000-х годов

У статті розглянуто місце і роль просвітництва у популяризації культурно- мистецьких надбань етноменшин. На основі специфічного методологічного інструментарію проаналізовано відповідність популяризації культурно-мистецьких надбань – стратегічними цілями – визнання поліетнічного характеру українського суспільства, розбудові соціокультурного середовища і духовному розвитку етносів. Підкреслено, що в Україні діяла розгалужена мережа музеїв, де діяли спеціальні підрозділи – відділи, центри, експозиції тощо. Проаналізовані напрямки науково – дослідної роботи музеїв та виокремлена її просвітницької складової.В статье рассмотрены место и роль просвещения в популяризации культурно - художественных достижений этнических меньшинств. На основе специфического методологического инструментария проанализированы соответствие популяризации культурно - художественных достижений - стратегическими целями - признание полеэтнического характера украинского общества, развитии социокультурной среды и духовном развитии этносов. Подчеркнуто, что в Украине действовала разветвленная сеть музеев, в которых действовали специальные подразделения - отделы, центры, экспозиции и т.д. Проанализованы направления научно - исследовательской работы музеев с выделением ее просветительской составляющей.On the basis of archival, statistical materials, analytical inputs predecessors considered the place and role of education in promoting cultural - artistic achievements of ethnic minorities. Nonfiction includes the problems of cultural heritage of the Ukrainian people is partly considered problem areas, shapes, nature education. Importance designated problem is primarily due to the need to have a clear understanding of the mechanism solutions independent state problems of interethnic relations. Found that in Ukraine there and operated an extensive network of structures that were engaged in the popularization of cultural - artistic achievements of Ukraine’s ethnic groups: governments, national - cultural societies, cultural institutions. We considered the prospect of continuity and the protection and conservation of heritage. Considerable attention is given to finding areas of education: conducting scientific - practical conferences, advocacy through the museums, the publication of the relevant literature. First in the historiography on the basis of specific methodological tools to analyze the relevant promotion of cultural - artistic achievements - the strategic objectives - recognition of the field of an ethnic nature of Ukrainian society, the development of social and cultural environment and spiritual development of ethnic groups. Particular attention is given to explaining participation in the process of popularizing the achievements of local history museums in Ukraine. Stress that Ukraine had an extensive network of museums that had special units - departments, centers, exposure, etc.. Directions of scientific - research museums and highlighted its educational component. Significant place in the article devoted to subjects found clarification of the regional museum

Kirschmann's Fourth Law

Kirschmann's Fourth Law states that the magnitude of simultaneous color contrast increases with the saturation of the inducing surround, but that the rate of increase reduces as saturation increases. Others since Kirschmann have agreed and disagreed. Here we show that the form of the relationship between simultaneous color contrast and inducer saturation depends on the method of measurement. Functions were measured by four methods: (i) asymmetric matching with a black surround, (ii) asymmetric matching with a surround metameric to equal energy white, (iii) dichoptic matching, and (iv) nulling an induced sinusoidal modulation. Results from the asymmetric matching conditions agreed with Kirschmann, whereas results from nulling and from dichoptic matching showed a more linear increase in simultaneous contrast with the saturation of the inducer. We conclude that the method certainly affects the conclusions reached, and that there may not be any "fair" way of measuring simultaneous contrast

Polynomials for Torus Links from Chern-Simons Gauge Theories

Invariant polynomials for torus links are obtained in the framework of the Chern-Simons topological gauge theory. The polynomials are computed as vacuum expectation values on the three-sphere of Wilson line operators representing the Verlinde algebra of the corresponding rational conformal field theory. In the case of the $SU(2)$ gauge theory our results provide explicit expressions for the Jones polynomial as well as for the polynomials associated to the $N$-state ($N>2$) vertex models (Akutsu-Wadati polynomials). By means of the Chern-Simons coset construction, the minimal unitary models are analyzed, showing that the corresponding link invariants factorize into two $SU(2)$ polynomials. A method to obtain skein rules from the Chern-Simons knot operators is developed. This procedure yields the eigenvalues of the braiding matrix of the corresponding conformal field theory.Comment: 50 page

Women, men and coronary heart disease: a review of the qualitative literature

Aim. This paper presents a review of the qualitative literature which examines the experiences of patients with coronary heart disease. The paper also assesses whether the experiences of both female and male patients are reflected in the literature and summarizes key themes. Background. Understanding patients' experiences of their illness is important for coronary heart disease prevention and education. Qualitative methods are particularly suited to eliciting patients' detailed understandings and perceptions of illness. As much previous research has been 'gender neutral', this review pays particular attention to gender. Methods. Published papers from 60 qualitative studies were identified for the review through searches in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PREMEDLINE, PsychINFO, Social Sciences Citation Index and Web of Science using keywords related to coronary heart disease. Findings. Early qualitative studies of patients with coronary heart disease were conducted almost exclusively with men, and tended to generalize from 'male' experience to 'human' experience. By the late 1990s this pattern had changed, with the majority of studies including women and many being conducted with solely female samples. However, many studies that include both male and female coronary heart disease patients still do not have a specific gender focus. Key themes in the literature include interpreting symptoms and seeking help, belief about coronary 'candidates' and relationships with health professionals. The influence of social roles is important: many female patients have difficulties reconciling family responsibilities and medical advice, while male patients worry about being absent from work. Conclusions. There is a need for studies that compare the experiences of men and women. There is also an urgent need for work that takes masculinity and gender roles into account when exploring the experiences of men with coronary heart disease

Translation to practice: a randomised controlled study of an evidenced based booklet targeted at breast care nurses in the United Kingdom

BACKGROUND: In the United Kingdom (UK), it was documented that a problem of knowledge transfer existed within the speciality of breast-cancer care, thus depriving patients of receiving optimal care. Despite increasingly robust research evidence indicating recommendation of whole body exercise for people affected by breast cancer, commensurate changes to practice were not noted amongst breast-care nurses (BCNs). AIM: To evaluate the effect of a targeted booklet, Exercise and Breast Cancer: A Booklet for Breast-Care Nurses, on changes in knowledge, reported practice, and attitudes of BCNs in the UK. METHOD: A prospective, experimental approach was used for designing a pre- and post-test randomised controlled study. Comparisons of knowledge, reported practice, and attitudes based on responses to a questionnaire were made at two time-points in two groups of BCNs (control and experimental). The unit of randomisation and analysis was hospital clusters of BCNs. The sample comprised 92 nurses from 62 hospitals. Analysis consisted of descriptive statistics and clustered regression techniques: clustered logistic regression for knowledge items, clustered linear regression for knowledge scores, ologit for attitude and reported practice items, and clustered multiple regression for paired and multiple variable analysis. RESULTS: A statistically significant increase in knowledge and changes in reported practice and attitudes were found. Robust variables affecting knowledge acquisition were: promotion of health, promotion of exercise, and understanding how exercise can reduce cancer-related fatigue. DISCUSSION: The study has shown that evidence-based printed material, such as an information booklet, can be used as an effective research dissemination method when developed for needs, values, and context of a target audience. CONCLUSIONS: This practical approach to research dissemination could be replicated and applied to other groups of nurses.</p

The Genetics of Generalized Osteoarthritis (GOGO) study: study design and evaluation of osteoarthritis phenotypes

PURPOSE: The primary goal of the Genetics of Generalized Osteoarthritis (GOGO) study is to identify chromosomal regions associated with increased susceptibility to generalized osteoarthritis (OA). Here we describe the study design and phenotype of the 2728 participants from the 1145 families recruited for this study. METHODS: GOGO is an investigator-initiated collaboration involving seven clinical academic sites and sponsored by GlaxoSmithKline. Family ascertainment was carried out between 1999 and 2002. A qualifying family required self-reported Caucasian ethnicity and at least two affected siblings with clinical hand OA. We hypothesized that this clinical phenotype would facilitate identification of participants with multijoint radiographic OA (rOA) in and beyond the hand. The "gold standard" case definition, however, was based on rOA (Kellgren-Lawrence grade > or =2) involving > or =3 hand joints distributed bilaterally and including at least one distal interphalangeal joint, with two of the three involved joints within a joint group (distal interphalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, or carpometacarpal). Radiographs of hips, knees and spine were also obtained. Additional siblings and living parents from qualifying families, both affected and unaffected, were invited to participate. RESULTS: A total of 2706 participants had complete clinical and radiological examination data. Of these, 2569 participants met clinical examination criteria for affected status; while 1963 (73%) participants met the prespecified radiographic criteria for affected status. This corresponded to a total of 707 families with at least two affected siblings that met the hand rOA criteria. Of those individuals with rOA of the hand, the frequency of rOA at other sites was highest for the knee (51%) and spine (54%), and less common for the hip (25%). Concordance rates among hand affected siblings were greatest for spine (36%) followed by knee (31%) and hip (9%); a total of 53% of the affected sib pairs were concordant for specific patterns of generalized rOA involving the hand and large joints (knees, hips or spine). CONCLUSIONS: GOGO represents a large multicenter collection of families with multiple joint OA that have been characterized both clinically and radiographically. The GOGO study will employ a comprehensive strategy for genetic screening based upon both qualitative and quantitative radiographic trait analyses, circulating biomarkers in a quantitative trait-based analysis, fine mapping, and candidate gene analysis. This sample should provide sufficient power to detect linkage to OA associated genes

Assessing the associations between known genetic variants and substance use in people with HIV in the United States

Background The prevalence of substance use in people with HIV (PWH) in the United States is higher than in the general population and is an important driver of HIV-related outcomes. We sought to assess if previously identified genetic associations that contribute to substance use are also observed in a population of PWH. Methods We performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of alcohol, smoking, and cannabis use phenotypes in a multi-ancestry population of 7,542 PWH from the Center for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS). We conducted multi-ancestry GWAS for individuals of African (n = 3,748), Admixed American (n = 1,334), and European (n = 2,460) ancestry. Phenotype data were self-reported and collected using patient reported outcomes (PROs) and three questions from AUDIT-C, an alcohol screening tool. We analyzed nine phenotypes: 1) frequency of alcohol consumption, 2) typical number of drinks on a day when drinking alcohol, 3) frequency of five or more alcoholic drinks in a 30-day period, 4) smoking initiation, 5) smoking cessation, 6) cigarettes per day, 7) cannabis use initiation, 8) cannabis use cessation, 9) frequency of cannabis use during the previous 30 days. For each phenotype we considered a) variants previously identified as associated with a substance use trait and b) novel associations. Results We observed evidence for effects of previously reported single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to alcohol (rs1229984, p = 0.001), tobacco (rs11783093, p = 2.22E-4), and cannabis use (rs2875907, p = 0.005). We also report two novel loci (19p13.2, p = 1.3E-8; and 20p11.21, p = 2.1E-8) associated with cannabis use cessation. Conclusions Our analyses contribute to understanding the genetic bases of substance use in a population with relatively higher rates of use compared to the general population

Carbohydrate metabolism genes and pathways in insects: insights from the honey bee genome

Carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes may have particularly interesting roles in the honey bee, Apis mellifera, because this social insect has an extremely carbohydrate-rich diet, and nutrition plays important roles in caste determination and socially mediated behavioural plasticity. We annotated a total of 174 genes encoding carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes and 28 genes encoding lipid-metabolizing enzymes, based on orthology to their counterparts in the fly, Drosophila melanogaster, and the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. We found that the number of genes for carbohydrate metabolism appears to be more evolutionarily labile than for lipid metabolism. In particular, we identified striking changes in gene number or genomic organization for genes encoding glycolytic enzymes, cellulase, glucose oxidase and glucose dehydrogenases, glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) oxidoreductases, fucosyltransferases, and lysozymes

Marijuana Use Is Not Associated with Changes in Opioid Prescriptions or Pain Severity among People Living with HIV and Chronic Pain

Background:People living with HIV (PLWH) commonly report marijuana use for chronic pain, although there is limited empirical evidence to support its use. There is hope that marijuana may reduce prescription opioid use. Our objective was to investigate whether marijuana use among PLWH who have chronic pain is associated with changes in pain severity and prescribed opioid use (prescribed opioid initiation and discontinuation).Methods:Participants completed self-report measures of chronic pain and marijuana use at an index visit and were followed up for 1 year in the Center for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS). Self-reported marijuana use was the exposure variable. Outcome variables were changes in pain and initiation or discontinuation of opioids during the study period. The relationship between exposure and outcomes was assessed using generalized linear models for pain and multivariable binary logistic regression models for opioid initiation/discontinuation.Results:Of 433 PLWH and chronic pain, 28% reported marijuana use in the past 3 months. Median pain severity at the index visit was 6.3/10 (interquartile range 4.7-8.0). Neither increases nor decreases in marijuana use were associated with changes in pain severity, and marijuana use was not associated with either lower odds of opioid initiation or higher odds of opioid discontinuation.Conclusions:We did not find evidence that marijuana use in PLWH is associated with improved pain outcomes or reduced opioid prescribing. This suggests that caution is warranted when counseling PLWH about potential benefits of recreational or medical marijuana