Non-AIDS defining cancers in the D:A:D Study-time trends and predictors of survival : a cohort study

BACKGROUND:Non-AIDS defining cancers (NADC) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-positive individuals. Using data from a large international cohort of HIV-positive individuals, we described the incidence of NADC from 2004-2010, and described subsequent mortality and predictors of these.METHODS:Individuals were followed from 1st January 2004/enrolment in study, until the earliest of a new NADC, 1st February 2010, death or six months after the patient's last visit. Incidence rates were estimated for each year of follow-up, overall and stratified by gender, age and mode of HIV acquisition. Cumulative risk of mortality following NADC diagnosis was summarised using Kaplan-Meier methods, with follow-up for these analyses from the date of NADC diagnosis until the patient's death, 1st February 2010 or 6 months after the patient's last visit. Factors associated with mortality following NADC diagnosis were identified using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression.RESULTS:Over 176,775 person-years (PY), 880 (2.1%) patients developed a new NADC (incidence: 4.98/1000PY [95% confidence interval 4.65, 5.31]). Over a third of these patients (327, 37.2%) had died by 1st February 2010. Time trends for lung cancer, anal cancer and Hodgkin's lymphoma were broadly consistent. Kaplan-Meier cumulative mortality estimates at 1, 3 and 5 years after NADC diagnosis were 28.2% [95% CI 25.1-31.2], 42.0% [38.2-45.8] and 47.3% [42.4-52.2], respectively. Significant predictors of poorer survival after diagnosis of NADC were lung cancer (compared to other cancer types), male gender, non-white ethnicity, and smoking status. Later year of diagnosis and higher CD4 count at NADC diagnosis were associated with improved survival. The incidence of NADC remained stable over the period 2004-2010 in this large observational cohort.CONCLUSIONS:The prognosis after diagnosis of NADC, in particular lung cancer and disseminated cancer, is poor but has improved somewhat over time. Modifiable risk factors, such as smoking and low CD4 counts, were associated with mortality following a diagnosis of NADC

Increases in Female Labour Force Participation in Europe

Low educational levels and the effect of children are recognized as the most important factors for low female participation rates. Over the last decades female labour supply in Europe has shown a large increase. This may be related to changes in the level of education or fertility. It is also possible that it is due to changes in behaviour, as influenced by the social and institutional context. Our results show that increases in the participation rates cannot be explained by changes in either educational level nor in the number and timing of children. Female labour supply increases at all educational levels for women with and without children. In other words, it is mainly changes in behaviour that drive the increase in participation rates over the last decades

Werkloze ouderen weer aan het werk? Het effect van reserveringsloon en zoekintensiteit

De baanvindkansen van ouderen zijn aanzienlijk lager dan die van jongeren. In de discussies daarover wordt wel verwezen naar het feit dat ouderen niet bereid zouden zijn om werk te accepteren voor een lager inkomen dan ze hadden. In dit artikel laten we op basis van gegevens uit het SCP-arbeidsaanbodpanel zien dat werkzoekende ouderen wel degelijk hun inkomenseisen omlaag bijstellen en werk accepteren onder hun vorige inkomensniveau. Ook vertonen zij geen ander sollicitatiepatroon dan jongere werklozen. Uit onze resultaten blijkt bovendien dat een lagere inkomenseis niet leidt tot een hogere werkhervattingskans. Wel wordt die werkhervattingskans sterk (negatief) beïnvloed door de leeftijd van de werkzoekende. We concluderen daarom dat ouderen hun werkhervattingskans niet of nauwelijks kunnen beïnvloeden door lagere inkomenseisen te stellen of hun zoekintensiteit aan te passe

The Dynamics of Female Employment around Childbirth

There is a strong effect of childbirth on female labour supply. This effect is expected to be influenced, among others, by the institutional context. This paper uses panel data on the last two decades on three European countries (The Netherlands, Germany, United Kingdom) to link changes in female labour force behaviour around childbirth to changes in the national institutional context. We conclude that institutions that make the costs of combining work and family lower relative to being a full-time mother will increase female participation rates. Therefore, it is important for both women and policymakers to be aware of the possible patterns, the 'ideal pattern' (from an economic point of view), and the ways the preferred patterns can be supported by the institutional context.Keywords: female labour supply, transitions, institutions