6,311 research outputs found

    GDP Per Capita Measured in Purchasing Power Standard: an Analysis of Results

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    Eurostat regularly issues GDP per capita statistics in purchasing power standards, for member countries of the European Union. This paper aims at recalling the main methodological elements used in order to compute these statistics, at presenting their interest and their limits. We highlight the main conclusions that can be drawn from them.GDP measurement, purchasing power standard, European Union

    Determinants of ageism against older adults: a systematic review

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    Ageism is a widespread phenomenon and constitutes a significant threat to older people’s well-being. Identifying the factors contributing to ageism is critical to inform policies that minimise its societal impact. In this systematic review, we gathered and summarised empirical studies exploring the key determinants of ageism against older people for a period of over forty years (1970–2017). A comprehensive search using fourteen databases identified all published records related to the umbrella concept of “ageism”. Reviewers independently screened the final pool to identify all papers focusing on determinants, according to a predefined list of inclusion and exclusion criteria. All relevant information was extracted and summarised following a narrative synthesis approach. A total of 199 papers were included in this review. We identified a total of 14 determinants as robustly associated with ageism. Of these, 13 have an effect on other-directed ageism, and one on self-directed ageism. The quality of contact with older people and the positive or negative presentation of older people to others emerged as the most robust determinants of other-directed ageism; self-directed ageism is mostly determined by older adults’ health status. Given the correlational nature of most studies included in this review, inferences on causality should be made cautiously.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Differential expression of the interleukin 5 receptor alpha isoforms in blood and tissue eosinophils of nasal polyp patients

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    Given the key role of interleukin-5 (IL-5) in eosinophil function, we investigated the regulated expression of the membrane-anchored (TM-IL-5R alpha) isoform, or a secreted (SOL IL-5R alpha) isoform, on both protein and transcript level in vitro and in vivo. A real-time PCR, FACS and ELISA were established to determine IL-5R alpha isoform expression in peripheral blood and nasal tissue from control subjects and nasal polyp (NP) patients with or without asthma. Human peripheral blood eosinophils were incubated with IL-5 and were analyzed for SOL-IL-5R alpha and TM-IL-5R alpha mRNA and protein levels in comparison with CD-69 expression. SOL-IL-5R alpha and TM-IL-5R alpha mRNA and protein expression was significantly increased in NP vs controls. In polyp tissue, SOL-IL-5R alpha expression correlated to disease severity and eosinophils counts, whereas TM-IL-5R alpha levels were inversely correlated to eosinophils counts and SOL-IL-5R alpha expression. FACS analysis revealed increased CD-69 and decreased TM-IL-5R alpha expression in NP tissue eosinophils vs blood eosinophils. Incubation of blood eosinophils with IL-5 caused up-regulation of CD-69 and down-regulation of TM-IL-5R alpha after 2 and 24 h. The expression of SOL-IL-5R alpha and TM-IL-5R alpha differs according to the eosinophil activation state and localization in the body (blood vs tissue) and may therefore be involved in the fine-tuning of the eosinophil homeostasis. Exposure of eosinophils to IL-5 reduces their responsiveness to IL-5 by regulated expression of the IL-5R alpha isoforms. Since, TM-IL-5R alpha is down-regulated and SOL-IL-5R alpha (antagonistic) is upregulated in NP tissue, our findings are important to understand the clinical trials with anti-IL-5 in humans
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