Influence of escherichia coli endotoxin-induced fever on pharmacokinetics of imidocarb in dogs and goats

The pharmacokinetics of imidocarb, administered as an IV bolus dose (4 mg/kg), was studied in normal and Escherichia coli endotoxin-induced febrile dogs and goats. In the febrile group, the drug was administered 1 hour after injection of the endotoxin. The plasma and urine concentrations of imidocarb were measured by spectrophotometry. The decline in plasma drug concentrations in both species was analyzed, using a 2-compartment open model. With the exception of the coefficient A and the volume of central compartment, E coli endotoxin-induced fever produced the same changes in kinetic determinants in both species. Fever significantly decreased the distribution rate constant in both dogs (P less than 0.05) and goats (P less than 0.01). The elimination rate constant and, in turn, the half-life were not altered by the endotoxin-induced fever in either species. The volume of distribution at steady-state was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) in the febrile dogs and goats. The body clearance of imidocarb was also significantly lower in the febrile dogs (P less than 0.05) and goats (P less than 0.01). The decreased apparent volume of distribution and lower body clearance of imidocarb could explain the higher plasma values of the drug in the febrile, compared with normal, animals

Antimicrobial therapy and bacterial resistance: a pilot survey

It was only about 40 years ago that tuberculosis, cholera, scarlet fever, syphilis and pneumonia, which were the leading infectious diseases causing death on a worldwide basis were effectively treated with antibiotics. Since that time the frequent and often indiscriminate use of antimicrobial agents in medical practice, both human and veterinary, has resulted in the widespread development of bacterial resistance. Transferable drug resistance factors were first demonstrated in Shigella by Ochiai et al. (1959) and independently by Akiba et al. (1960). Over the years it has repeatedly been inferred, often without conclusive evidence, that resistance bacteria originating from food-producing animals were responsible for sudden outbreaks of "difficult to treat" infections in humans. AI. though the extent to which this is true cannot be determined, it is generally accepted that resistant bacterial strains of animal origin can reach humans in contaminated food products. It is strongly suspected that the use of antibiotics as growth promotants, given continuously in the feed, has facilitated the development of resistant bacterial strains in farm animals. Two independent studies carried out in preantibiotic communities have presented evidence that R factor evolved before the advent of the antibiotic era (Davis and Anandan, 1970; Gardner et al., 1969). This interesting finding does not diminish the contribution of frequent antibiotic usage to the development of bacterial resistance

Antimicrobial therapy in veterinary medicine

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Economic models for vendor evaluation with quality cost analysis

SIGLEAvailable at INIST (FR), Document Supply Service, under shelf-number : DO 1281 / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc