Children Base Their Investment on Calculated Pay-Off

To investigate the rise of economic abilities during development we studied children aged between 3 and 10 in an exchange situation requiring them to calculate their investment based on different offers. One experimenter gave back a reward twice the amount given by the children, and a second always gave back the same quantity regardless of the amount received. To maximize pay-offs children had to invest a maximal amount with the first, and a minimal amount with the second. About one third of the 5-year-olds and most 7- and 10-year-olds were able to adjust their investment according to the partner, while all 3-year-olds failed. Such performances should be related to the rise of cognitive and social skills after 4 years

Can Monkeys Make Investments Based on Maximized Pay-off?

Animals can maximize benefits but it is not known if they adjust their investment according to expected pay-offs. We investigated whether monkeys can use different investment strategies in an exchange task. We tested eight capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) and thirteen macaques (Macaca fascicularis, Macaca tonkeana) in an experiment where they could adapt their investment to the food amounts proposed by two different experimenters. One, the doubling partner, returned a reward that was twice the amount given by the subject, whereas the other, the fixed partner, always returned a constant amount regardless of the amount given. To maximize pay-offs, subjects should invest a maximal amount with the first partner and a minimal amount with the second. When tested with the fixed partner only, one third of monkeys learned to remove a maximal amount of food for immediate consumption before investing a minimal one. With both partners, most subjects failed to maximize pay-offs by using different decision rules with each partner' quality. A single Tonkean macaque succeeded in investing a maximal amount to one experimenter and a minimal amount to the other. The fact that only one of over 21 subjects learned to maximize benefits in adapting investment according to experimenters' quality indicates that such a task is difficult for monkeys, albeit not impossible

A Prediction Model of Drug Exposure in Cirrhotic Patients According to Child-Pugh Classification

International audienc

Ebola Response Impact on Public Health Programs, West Africa, 2014–2017

Events such as the 2014–2015 West Africa epidemic of Ebola virus disease highlight the importance of the capacity to detect and respond to public health threats. We describe capacity-building efforts during and after the Ebola epidemic in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea and public health progress that was made as a result of the Ebola response in 4 key areas: emergency response, laboratory capacity, surveillance, and workforce development. We further highlight ways in which capacity-building efforts such as those used in West Africa can be accelerated after a public health crisis to improve preparedness for future events

Visão de mães sobre o processo educativo dos filhos com Síndrome de Down

Este artigo sintetiza dados de uma investigação realizada em Natal/ RN, a respeito da visão de mães sobre o filho com Síndrome de Down e sua educação, em escolas regulares, assim como analisa a sua participação no processo educativo e as expectativas em relação ao seu futuro. Para tanto, utilizou-se uma abordagem qualitativa, com vistas à melhor compreensão da problemática estudada. Empregou-se, como instrumento de coleta de informações, a entrevista estruturada. A partir das informações coletadas e analisadas, apreende-se que as mães, ao optarem pela escola regular, buscaram oferecer o melhor para seus filhos em termos educacionais. De forma geral, evidenciaram uma visão otimista sobre eles e crença em suas possibilidades, o que as fez buscar investir, de forma mais acentuada, na sua educação, visando ao seu crescimento pessoal, assim como ao seu desenvolvimento cognitivo e social