The survival of universities in contested territories: Findings from two roundtable discussions on institutions in the North West of Syria

This paper draws on discussions around the future of higher education (HE) in Syria after nearly a decade of violent conflict. Focusing on universities in non-regime-controlled areas, it illustrates the difficulties of sector-wide planning and the provision of institutional support during protracted conflict in areas with no single state entity or ministerial support

More Than the Sum of Its Parts: Unlocking the Power of Network Structure for Understanding Organization and Function in Microbiomes

Plant and soil microbiomes are integral to the health and productivity of plants and ecosystems, yet researchers struggle to identify microbiome characteristics important for providing beneficial outcomes. Network analysis offers a shift in analytical framework beyond who is present to the organization or patterns of coexistence between microbes within the microbiome. Because microbial phenotypes are often significantly impacted by coexisting populations, patterns of coexistence within microbiomes are likely to be especially important in predicting functional outcomes. Here, we provide an overview of the how and why of network analysis in microbiome research, highlighting the ways in which network analyses have provided novel insights into microbiome organization and functional capacities, the diverse network roles of different microbial populations, and the eco-evolutionary dynamics of plant and soil microbiomes

Neutron scattering Measurements of the phonon density of states of FeSe1−x_{1-x} superconductors

Inelastic neutron-scattering experiments have been carried out on polycrystalline samples of the FeSe$_{1-x}$ superconductors. We report the phonon density of states for FeSe$_{1-x}$ with Tc$\approx$8 K. The phonon cutoff frequency is observed around 40 meV. No significant change is observed across the superconducting transition. The measurements support the published first-principles calculations [A. Subedi et al., Phys. Rev. B \textbf{78}, 134514 (2008)].Comment: new version with change

Robust and Deterministic Preparation of Bosonic Logical States in a Trapped Ion

Encoding logical qubits in bosonic modes provides a potentially hardware-efficient implementation of fault-tolerant quantum information processing. Recent advancements in trapped ions and superconducting microwave cavities have led to experimental realizations of high-quality bosonic states and demonstrations of error-corrected logical qubits encoded in bosonic modes. However, current protocols for preparing bosonic code words lack robustness to common noise sources and can be experimentally challenging to implement, limiting the quality and breadth of codes that have been realized to date. Here, we combine concepts of error suppression via robust control with quantum error correction encoding and experimentally demonstrate high-fidelity, deterministic preparation of highly non-classical target bosonic states in the mechanical motion of a trapped ion. Our approach implements numerically optimized dynamical modulation of laser-driven spin-motion interactions to generate the target state in a single step. The optimized control pulses are tailored towards experimental constraints and are designed to be robust against the dominant source of error. Using these protocols, we demonstrate logical fidelities for the Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) state as high as $\bar{\mathcal{F}}=0.940(8)$, achieve the first realization of a distance-3 binomial logical state with an average fidelity of $\mathcal{F}=0.807(7)$, and demonstrate a 12.91(5) dB squeezed vacuum state.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figure

THE STRUCTURE OF 3,5-DI-O-BENZOYL-1,2-DIDEOXY-1-PHENYL-BETA-D-RIBOFURANOSE, C25H22O5

Mr=402.4, orthorhombic, P212~2 l, a= 4-946 (1), b= 15.887 (2), c=26.555 (2)A, V= 2086.7 (5) A 3, Z = 4, D x = 1.28 gcm -a, Cu Ka, 2 = 1.5418/k, B = 6.868 cm -1, F(000) = 848, T= 293 K, final R =0.054 for 648 observed reflections. The molecule is propeller shaped. The benzoyl groups act as protecting groups and the phenyl group is a base substitute. The crystal structure does not involve any intermolecular stacking interactions between the phenyl groups. The molecules pack in typical herring-bone-like arrays. The sugar has a fl-D configuration with C(2')-endo-C(3')-exo pucker (2T3), pseudorotation angle P = 172 (2) °, degree of pucker r m = 39 (2) °