Intercountry Adoption in New Zealand - A Child Rights Perspective

In 1996, the Adoption Amendment Bill (No 2) was introduced into Parliament. The aim of the Bill was to implement in New Zealand the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption. New Zealand's accession to the Hague Convention would provide significantly improved protection for some children who come to New Zealand as a result of intercountry adoption. This article provides information on intercountry adoption in New Zealand, the background to the Bill, and concludes that the Bill, if passed in its current form, would fail to provide protection for the majority of children who come to New Zealand as a result of intercountry adoption, and would not fulfil New Zealand's obligations concerning adoption under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child

A Superbubble Feedback Model for Galaxy Simulations

We present a new stellar feedback model that reproduces superbubbles. Superbubbles from clustered young stars evolve quite differently to individual supernovae and are substantially more efficient at generating gas motions. The essential new components of the model are thermal conduction, sub-grid evaporation and a sub-grid multi-phase treatment for cases where the simulation mass resolution is insufficient to model the early stages of the superbubble. The multi-phase stage is short compared to superbubble lifetimes. Thermal conduction physically regulates the hot gas mass without requiring a free parameter. Accurately following the hot component naturally avoids overcooling. Prior approaches tend to heat too much mass, leaving the hot ISM below $10^6$ K and susceptible to rapid cooling unless ad-hoc fixes were used. The hot phase also allows feedback energy to correctly accumulate from multiple, clustered sources, including stellar winds and supernovae. We employ high-resolution simulations of a single star cluster to show the model is insensitive to numerical resolution, unresolved ISM structure and suppression of conduction by magnetic fields. We also simulate a Milky Way analog and a dwarf galaxy. Both galaxies show regulated star formation and produce strong outflows.Comment: 13 pages, 13 figures; replaced with version accepted to MNRA