Conductance-based interface detection for multi-phase pipe flow

Sediment and flow depth monitoring in sewers is important for informing flow models and for predicting and mitigating against sewer blockage formation and surcharge. In this study, a novel sensor based on conductance measurement has been developed and tested under a laboratory environment and validated by a finite-element model. The relative conductance is measured between pairs of adjacent electrodes to provide a conductance profile along the sensor length. A piecewise linear relationship between conductance and electrode length was derived and the interface positions between sediment, water, and air can be determined from the profile. The results demonstrated that the root mean square error of the model and the measured interface level are within 1.4% and 2.6% of sensor’s measurement range. An error distribution of interface height shows that all anticipated errors are within the resolution of the electrode length increments. Furthermore, it was found that the conductivity of the measured medium is proportional to the gradient of the linear relationship of conductance and electrode length. It could therefore prove a valuable new tool for the accurate quantification of sediment and flow levels in sewer conduits, coastal environments, drainage systems for transport networks, and other industrial or academic applications

Breve relación sobre la reforma del régimen jurídico de las aguas en Venezuela

La presente relación se refiere al cambio del régimen jurídico de las aguas en Venezuela por la declaratoria constitucional a partir de 1.999 de bien de dominio público de todo curso de agua, así como a sus efectos principales. A tales fines se hace una sucinta descripción del anterior régimen civilista que rigió por 150 años y los efectos jurídicos de tal declaración respecto de los derechos particulares al uso de las aguas. Igualmente se destaca la inaplicación del nuevo régimen por la falta de su reglamentación e instrumentación. Finalmente se describe someramente los nuevos instrumentos administrativos de aprovechamiento de las aguas para sus diferentes usos, como lo son las licencias, las asignaciones y las concesiones.The present article deals with the changing of the legal regime of water in Venezuela, after the constitutional amendment of 1999, declaring such resource of public domain. According to this, this essay briefly descripts the previous juridical system governing water and its legal effects related to individual rights of water use. Additionally, it emphasize in the non-compliance of the new legal regime, due to the lack of regulations and instruments. Finally, this article summarises the new administrative instruments of water exploitation for the different uses, such as licences, concessions and water allocations.Eje: Derechos de aguas extranjerosFacultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociale

Breve relación sobre la reforma del régimen jurídico de las aguas en Venezuela

La presente relación se refiere al cambio del régimen jurídico de las aguas en Venezuela por la declaratoria constitucional a partir de 1.999 de bien de dominio público de todo curso de agua, así como a sus efectos principales. A tales fines se hace una sucinta descripción del anterior régimen civilista que rigió por 150 años y los efectos jurídicos de tal declaración respecto de los derechos particulares al uso de las aguas. Igualmente se destaca la inaplicación del nuevo régimen por la falta de su reglamentación e instrumentación. Finalmente se describe someramente los nuevos instrumentos administrativos de aprovechamiento de las aguas para sus diferentes usos, como lo son las licencias, las asignaciones y las concesiones.The present article deals with the changing of the legal regime of water in Venezuela, after the constitutional amendment of 1999, declaring such resource of public domain. According to this, this essay briefly descripts the previous juridical system governing water and its legal effects related to individual rights of water use. Additionally, it emphasize in the non-compliance of the new legal regime, due to the lack of regulations and instruments. Finally, this article summarises the new administrative instruments of water exploitation for the different uses, such as licences, concessions and water allocations.Eje: Derechos de aguas extranjerosFacultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociale

The relation between symmetry in food packaging and approach and avoidance words

Research on aesthetic science has demonstrated that people generally prefer symmetrical over asymmetrical compositions. However, it remains unclear whether and how such compositions relate to the concepts of approach and avoidance motivation, especially in consumer contexts. In addition, it is not known how symmetry may influence such concepts in contexts where objects can differ in terms of their hedonic values (symmetry/product taste congruency). In the present research, we evaluated the relation between visual symmetry of the packaging of products with different hedonic value (sweet, non-sweet, non-food) and approach and avoidance words. In two experiments, we found evidence that people associate symmetrical designs with approach words more often than asymmetrical designs. Importantly, however, we did not find evidence that such an effect is influenced by the hedonic value of the products. Our results have value for scholars and practitioners interested in the effect of aesthetic features of brand elements (such as a product’s packaging) on consumer motivation