Energy efficiency analysis of next-generation passive optical network (NG-PON) technologies in a major city network

Ever-increasing bandwidth demands associated with mobile backhaul, content-rich services and the convergence of residential and business access will drive the need for next-generation passive optical networks (NG-PONs) in the long term. At the same time, there is a growing interest in reducing the energy consumption and the associated cost of the access network. In this paper, we consider a deployment scenario in a major city to assess the energy efficiency of various PON solutions from a telecom operator's perspective. We compare five next-generation technologies to a baseline GPON deployment offering similar bandwidths and Quality of Service (QoS) for best-effort high speed connectivity services. We follow two approaches:first, we consider a fixed split ratio (1:64) in an existing Optical Distribution Network (ODN); next, we consider an upgraded ODN with an optimized split ratio for the specific bandwidth and QoS values. For medium bandwidth demands, our results show that legacy PONs can be upgraded to 10G PON without any ODN modification. For future applications that may require access rates up to 1 Gb/s, NG-PON2 technologies with higher split ratios and increased reach become more interesting systems, offering the potential for both increased energy efficiency and node consolidation

Migration to next generation access networks: a real option approach

C

Protection strategies for next generation passive optical networks -2

Next Generation Passive Optical Networks-2 (NGPON2) are being considered to upgrade the current PON technology to meet the ever increasing bandwidth requirements of the end users while optimizing the network operators' investment. Reliability performance of NG-PON2 is very important due to the extended reach and, consequently, large number of served customers per PON segment. On the other hand, the use of more complex and hence more failure prone components than in the current PON systems may degrade reliability performance of the network. Thus designing reliable NG-PON2 architectures is of a paramount importance. Moreover, for appropriately evaluating network reliability performance, new models are required. For example, the commonly used reliability parameter, i.e., connection availability, defined as the percentage of time for which a connection remains operable, doesn't reflect the network wide reliability performance. The network operators are often more concerned about a single failure affecting a large number of customers than many uncorrelated failures disconnecting fewer customers while leading to the same average failure time. With this view, we introduce a new parameter for reliability performance evaluation, referred to as the failure impact. In this paper, we propose several reliable architectures for two important NGPON2 candidates: wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) PON and time and wavelength division multiplexed (TWDM) PON. Furthermore, we evaluate protection coverage, availability, failure impact and cost of the proposed schemes in order to identify the most efficient protection architecture

Software-defined networking: guidelines for experimentation and validation in large-scale real world scenarios

Part 1: IIVC WorkshopInternational audienceThis article thoroughly details large-scale real world experiments using Software-Defined Networking in the testbed setup. More precisely, it provides a description of the foundation technology behind these experiments, which in turn is focused around OpenFlow and on the OFELIA testbed. In this testbed preliminary experiments were performed in order to tune up settings and procedures, analysing the encountered problems and their respective solutions. A methodology consisting of five large-scale experiments is proposed in order to properly validate and improve the evaluation techniques used in OpenFlow scenarios

Extracting the Mass Dependence and Quantum Numbers of Short-Range Correlated Pairs from A(e,e'p) and A(e,e'pp) Scattering

The nuclear mass dependence of the number of short-range correlated (SRC) proton-proton (pp) and proton-neutron (pn) pairs in nuclei is a sensitive probe of the dynamics of short-range pairs in the ground state of atomic nuclei. This work presents an analysis of electroinduced single-proton and two-proton knockout measurements off 12C, 27Al, 56Fe, and 208Pb in kinematics dominated by scattering off SRC pairs. The nuclear mass dependence of the observed A(e,e'pp)/12C(e,e'pp) cross-section ratios and the extracted number of pp- and pn-SRC pairs are much softer than the mass dependence of the total number of possible pairs. This is in agreement with a physical picture of SRC affecting predominantly nucleon-nucleon pairs in a nodeless relative-S state of the mean-field basis.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure

Localization of the UsProtein Kinase of Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Is Affected by the Cytoplasmic Structures Formed by the Novel IR6 Protein

AbstractPrevious work revealed that the Us(unique short) segment of equine herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1), like that of other alphaherpesviruses, encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase (PK). Experiments were carried out to identify the PK encoded by the EHV-1 EUS2 gene (ORF 69) and to ascertain its time course of synthesis and cellular localization. Western blot and immunoprecipitation analyses of EHV-1-infected cell extracts using a PK-specific polyclonal antibody generated against a bacterially expressed TrpE/PK fusion protein identified the UsPK as a 42- to 45-kDa phosphoprotein. The PK protein is first synthesized at 3 hr postinfection, is produced throughout the infection cycle, and is incorporated into EHV-1 virions. Interestingly, immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that the PK protein within the cytoplasm is associated with the 33-kDa IR6 novel protein of EHV-1, is expressed abundantly as an early protein, and is present in the large rod-like structures formed by the IR6 protein (ORF67 protein) within the cytoplasm of infected cells. Confocal microscopic examination of cells stained with fluorescein-labeled antibody clearly showed that the PK protein colocalized with the cytoplasmic IR6 rod-like structures and remained associated with these unique structures during infection. In contrast, in cells infected with the EHV-1 RacM strain in which the IR6 protein harbors four amino acid substitutions that prevent formation of the rod-like structures (Osterriederet al.,1996,Virology217, 442–451), the PK protein localized predominantly to the nucleus. The possible significance of the association of the IR6 and PK proteins in EHV-1 replication is discussed

Deploying elastic routing capability in an SDN/NFV-enabled environment

SDN and NFV are two paradigms that introduce unseen flexibility in telecom networks. Where previously telecom services were provided by dedicated hardware and associated (vendor-specific) protocols, SDN enables to control telecom networks through specialized software running on controllers. NFV enables highly optimized packet-processing network functions to run on generic/multi-purpose hardware such as x86 servers. Although the possibilities of SDN and NFV are well-known, concrete control and orchestration architectures are still under design and few prototype validations are available. In this demo we demonstrate the dynamic up-and downscaling of an elastic router supporting NFV-based network management, for example needed in a VPN service. The framework which enables this elasticity is the UNIFY ESCAPE environment, which is a PoC following an ETSI NFV MANO-conform architecture. This demo is one of the first to demonstrate a fully closed control loop for scaling NFs in an SDN/NFV control and orchestration architecture