HUBUNGAN PANJANG-BOBOT SIPUT LOLA (Trochus niloticus) DI PERAIRAN KECAMATAN SAPARUA, MALUKU TENGAH

Siput lola (Trochus niloticus) adalah jenis siput laut yang berukuran besar, hidup di daerah terumbu karang pada daerah pasang surut. Populasi siput lola terus mengalami penurunan sebagai akibat dari eksploitasi yang terus meningkat. Penelitian ini dilakukan di dua desa, Desa Siri Sori Amapatty yang menerapkan sistim sasi dan Desa Porto yang tidak menerapkan sistim sasi, Kecamatan Saparua, Kabupaten Maluku Tengah. Sampel siput lola yang dianalisis, dikoleksi secara bebas dengan cara penyelaman dan pengumpulan siput pada daerah intertidal. Distribus frekuensi panjang dan analisis kohort siput lola menunjukan bahwa siput lola berukuran besar dan berusia dewasa ditemukan di Desa Siri Sori Amapatty sedangkan Desa Porto sebaliknya. Hubungan panjang bobot menunjukan pola pertumbuhan siput lola jantan di Desa Siri Sori Amapatty adalah isometrik dan betinanya alometrik positif. Pola pertumbuhan alometrik negatif ditemukan pada siput lola jantan dan betina di Desa Porto. Analisis rasio kelamin siput lola jantan terhadap betina di kedua desa masing-masing 1:3 dan 1:2. Perbedaan frekuensi panjang, hubungan panjang bobot dan kohort dari siput lola yang hidup di kedua desa tersebut memperlihatkan keefektifan sasi dalam pengelolaan sumberdaya tersebut. Lola snail (Trochus niloticus)is a type of large sea snail, inhabits the tidal area of coral reef. Snail population decline steadily as a result of increasing exploitation. This research was conducted in two villages, the Siri Sori Amapatty which apply sasi system and the Porto which do not apply the system, Saparua, central of Moluccas. The lola snail sample collected randomly by divers within intertidal areas. Length frequency distribution and cohort analysis of lola snails show that large sea snail that mature can be found in the Siri Sori Amapatty vilage where as in the Porto vilage the lola snails were smaller and inmature. Length-weight relationship shows that growth characteristic of male lola snail at Siri Sori Amapatty is isometric and female is positive alometric. Negative alometric characteristic growth found in male and female snail lola at Porto. Sex ratio analysis of male and female lola snails are 1:3 and 1:2.  The difference in length frequency, length-weight and cohort in lola snail in those two villages shows that efectiveness of sasi in the resources management

An evolutionarily-unique heterodimeric voltage-gated cation channel found in aphids

We describe the identification in aphids of a unique heterodimeric voltage-gated sodium channel which has an atypical ion selectivity filter and, unusually for insect channels, is highly insensitive to tetrodotoxin. We demonstrate that this channel has most likely arisen by adaptation (gene fission or duplication) of an invertebrate ancestral mono(hetero)meric channel. This is the only identifiable voltage-gated sodium channel homologue in the aphid genome(s), and the channel's novel selectivity filter motif (DENS instead of the usual DEKA found in other eukaryotes) may result in a loss of sodium selectivity, as indicated experimentally in mutagenised Drosophila channels

Mutagenesis of the NaChBac sodium channel discloses a functional role for a conserved S6 asparagine

Asparagine is conserved in the S6 transmembrane segments of all voltage-gated sodium, calcium, and TRP channels identified to date. A broad spectrum of channelopathies including cardiac arrhythmias, epilepsy, muscle diseases, and pain disorders is associated with its mutation. To investigate its effects on sodium channel functional properties, we mutated the simple prokaryotic sodium channel NaChBac. Electrophysiological characterization of the N225D mutant reveals that this conservative substitution shifts the voltage-dependence of inactivation by 25 mV to more hyperpolarized potentials. The mutant also displays greater thermostability, as determined by synchrotron radiation circular dichroism spectroscopy studies of purified channels. Based on our analyses of high-resolution structures of NaChBac homologues, we suggest that the side-chain amine group of asparagine 225 forms one or more hydrogen bonds with different channel elements and that these interactions are important for normal channel function. The N225D mutation eliminates these hydrogen bonds and the structural consequences involve an enhanced channel inactivation

Evolution of the insecticide target Rdl in African Anopheles is driven by interspecific and interkaryotypic introgression.

The evolution of insecticide resistance mechanisms in natural populations of Anopheles malaria vectors is a major public health concern across Africa. Using genome sequence data, we study the evolution of resistance mutations in the resistance to dieldrin locus (Rdl), a GABA receptor targeted by several insecticides, but most notably by the long-discontinued cyclodiene, dieldrin. The two Rdl resistance mutations (296G and 296S) spread across West and Central African Anopheles via two independent hard selective sweeps that included likely compensatory nearby mutations, and were followed by a rare combination of introgression across species (from A. gambiae and A. arabiensis to A. coluzzii) and across non-concordant karyotypes of the 2La chromosomal inversion. Rdl resistance evolved in the 1950s as the first known adaptation to a large-scale insecticide-based intervention, but the evolutionary lessons from this system highlight contemporary and future dangers for management strategies designed to combat development of resistance in malaria vectors

Family-led rehabilitation after stroke in India (ATTEND): a randomised controlled trial

Background Most people with stroke in India have no access to organised rehabilitation services. The effectiveness of training family members to provide stroke rehabilitation is uncertain. Our primary objective was to determine whether family-led stroke rehabilitation, initiated in hospital and continued at home, would be superior to usual care in a low-resource setting. Methods The Family-led Rehabilitation after Stroke in India (ATTEND) trial was a prospectively randomised open trial with blinded endpoint done across 14 hospitals in India. Patients aged 18 years or older who had had a stroke within the past month, had residual disability and reasonable expectation of survival, and who had an informal family-nominated caregiver were randomly assigned to intervention or usual care by site coordinators using a secure web-based system with minimisation by site and stroke severity. The family members of participants in the intervention group received additional structured rehabilitation training—including information provision, joint goal setting, carer training, and task-specific training—that was started in hospital and continued at home for up to 2 months. The primary outcome was death or dependency at 6 months, defined by scores 3–6 on the modified Rankin scale (range, 0 [no symptoms] to 6 [death]) as assessed by masked observers. Analyses were by intention to treat. This trial is registered with Clinical Trials Registry-India (CTRI/2013/04/003557), Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12613000078752), and Universal Trial Number (U1111-1138-6707). Findings Between Jan 13, 2014, and Feb 12, 2016, 1250 patients were randomly assigned to intervention (n=623) or control (n=627) groups. 33 patients were lost to follow-up (14 intervention, 19 control) and five patients withdrew (two intervention, three control). At 6 months, 285 (47%) of 607 patients in the intervention group and 287 (47%) of 605 controls were dead or dependent (odds ratio 0·98, 95% CI 0·78–1·23, p=0·87). 72 (12%) patients in the intervention group and 86 (14%) in the control group died (p=0·27), and we observed no difference in rehospitalisation (89 [14%]patients in the intervention group vs 82 [13%] in the control group; p=0·56). We also found no difference in total non-fatal events (112 events in 82 [13%] intervention patients vs 110 events in 79 [13%] control patients; p=0·80). Interpretation Although task shifting is an attractive solution for health-care sustainability, our results do not support investment in new stroke rehabilitation services that shift tasks to family caregivers, unless new evidence emerges. A future avenue of research should be to investigate the effects of task shifting to health-care assistants or team-based community care

Urban Criminal Justice: Has the Response to the HIV Epidemic Been Fair ?

The HIV epidemic is almost a decade old and it is estimated that one million to two million Americans are infected. Nevertheless, too often it has been irrational fears of contagion and disapproval of the subcultures associated with the illness that have driven society\u27s response to the epidemic. Has the legal community, which prides itself on being governed by due process and rationality, reacted any differently than society at large? To what degree have legal decisions and policies been governed by fear, prejudice, and ignorance rather than by science and sound public policy? This Essay will explore the response of the criminal justice to the HIV epidemic in three areas: specific cases that have been the focus of public debate; attempts to criminalize activities thought to spread the disease; and rule-making efforts by courts that affect HIV litigants