11 research outputs found
Postoji li razlika u perinatalnom ishodu jednoplodnih i blizanaÄkih trudnoÄa nakon medicinski potpomognute oplodnje
The aim of the study was to compare perinatal outcome of singleton and twin pregnancies conceived after assisted reproductive technologies (ART ). This retrospective study included singleton and twin pregnancies conceived after ART in the period from January 1, 2007 until December 31, 2008. The study variables were maternal age (years), parity, body mass index (BMI; kg/m2), week (ā¤366/7 and ā„37) and mode of delivery (vaginal and cesarean section), birth weight (grams) and APGAR score (ā¤7; 8-10). During the study period, there were 195 pregnancies after ART that fulfilled inclusion criteria. We found no between-group difference in parity (Ļ2=0.0133; P=0.9081), but such difference was found in mean age (t=2.0486; p=0.0419) and BMI (Ļ2=31.038; P=0.001). A statistically significant difference was recorded in preterm delivery rate (Ļ2=25.539; P=0.001), average duration of pregnancy (t=12.8591; p=0.001), average birth weight (t=10.5446; P=0.001) and mode of delivery (Ļ2=13,691; P=0.001). A statistically significant difference was found in low birth weight babies (Ļ2=102.02; P=0.001) and APGAR score (Ļ2=19.96; P=0.001), but there was no difference in the prevalence of small for gestational age babies (Ļ2=0.90629; P=0.635). In conclusion, this study indicated the perinatal outcome after ART to be considerably poorer in twins than in singletons.Cilj ove studije bio je istražiti razliku u perinatalnom ishodu jednoplodnih i blizanaÄkih trudnoÄa nakon medicinski potpomognute oplodnje (MPO). Ispitana je medicinska dokumentacija jednoplodnih i blizanaÄkih trudnoÄa u žena koje su rodile živoroÄenu djecu nakon MPO u dvogodiÅ”njem razdoblju u Klinici za ženske bolesti i porode, KBC Split, od 1. sijeÄnja 2007. do 31. prosinca 2008. godine. Istraživane varijable bile su dob, paritet, indeks tjelesne mase (kg/m2), navrÅ”eni tjedan poroda (prijevremeni ā¤366/7 i terminski ā„37), naÄin dovrÅ”etka poroÄaja (vaginalno i carski rez), poroÄajna masa djeteta (grami), trofiÄnost djeteta (hipertrofiÄno, eutrofiÄno i hipotrofiÄno) i APGAR zbroj novoroÄenÄeta (ā¤7, 8-10). U promatranom razdoblju 195 trudnica je rodilo nakon neke od metoda MPO. IzmeÄu rodilja s jednoplodnom i blizanaÄkom trudnoÄom koje su zanijele nekom metodom MPO nije bilo razlike u paritetu (Ļ2=0,0133; P=0,9081), dok su razlike pronaÄene u prosjeÄnoj dobi (t=2,0486; p=0,0419) i indeksu tjelesne mase (Ļ2=31,038; p=0,001). StatistiÄki znaÄajna razlika naÄena je u uÄestalosti prijevremenog poroda (Ļ2=25,539; P=0,001), prosjeÄnom trajanju trudnoÄe (t=12,8591; p=0,001) i prosjeÄnoj porodnoj masi djece (t=10,5446; P=0,001). BlizanaÄke trudnoÄe u usporedbi s jednoplodnim trudnoÄama nakon MPO ÄeÅ”Äe se dovrÅ”avaju carskim rezom (Ļ2=13,691; P=0,001). PronaÄena je statistiÄki znaÄajna razlika izmeÄu istraživanih skupina u raÄanju djece niske porodne mase (<2500 g) (Ļ2=102,02; P=0,001) i APGAR zbroju novoroÄenÄadi (Ļ2=19,96; P=0,001). Nije bilo statistiÄki znaÄajne razlike u uÄestalosti raÄanja hipotrofiÄne djece izmeÄu istraživanih skupina (Ļ2=0,90629; P=0,635). U zakljuÄku, perinatalni ishod nakon MPO je loÅ”iji u blizanaÄkih nego u jednoplodnih trudnoÄa
What can be hidden behind the diagnosis of asthma?
Astma je kroniÄna upalna bolest koja se kliniÄki oÄituje reverzibilnom bronhalnom opstrukcijom. KaÅ”alj i piskanje (engl. wheezing) su uÄestali simptomi u djeÄjoj dobi, ali ne oznaÄavaju uvijek teÅ”ku bolest. Iako je astma najÄeÅ”Äi uzrok kaÅ”lja, teÅ”kog disanja i dispneje u djece i odraslih, dijagnoza astme se Äesto neprimjereno pripisuje simptomima drugih bolesti. Pažljivo uzeta anamneza, prisutnost zvuÄnih fenomena, spirometrija i mjerenje acidobaznog statusa pružaju nam korisne podatke za rjeÅ”avanje razliÄitih uzroka i izbjegavanje neprikladnog lijeÄenja kliniÄkih manifestacija bolesti koje nalikuju na astmu.Bronchial asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory disease resulting in a reversible and variable bronchial obstruction. Cough and wheeze are common symptoms in childhood, but mostly do not signify a serious illness. Although asthma is the most common cause of cough, wheeze, and dyspnea in children and adults, asthma is often attributed inappropriately to symptoms from other causes. A careful history, attention to the nature of the respiratory sounds that are present, spirometry, exercise testing, and blood-gas measurement provide useful data to sort out the various causes and avoid inappropriate treatment of these pseudo-asthma clinical manifestations
Tourism valorisation of Croatian homeland war heritage in Zadar county
Turizam u danaÅ”nje vrijeme predstavlja vrlo popularnu aktivnost koju u modernom i razvijenom svijetu u slobodno vrijeme provodi veliki broj ljudi. Turizam može biti domaÄi ili meÄunarodni, odnosno svjetski, a takoÄer za neke države predstavlja i glavni izvor prihoda. U svjetskom turizmu se povremeno dogaÄaju i padovi koji su uzrokovani odreÄenim globalnim problemima, primjerice ratovima, gospodarskim krizama ili pandemijama. TuristiÄko tržiÅ”te je tržiÅ”te specifiÄne vrste na kojem se, kao i na ostalim tržiÅ”tima, susreÄu ponuda i potražnja. Ratni turizam ulazi u podruÄje tzv. mraÄnog turizma. MraÄni turizam je vrsta turizma koji zapravo postoji joÅ” od srednjeg vijeka, no tek poÄetkom 21. stoljeÄa je službeno ukljuÄen u turistiÄke oblike i definiran. Turizam temeljen na ratnoj baÅ”tini ulazi u mraÄni turizam. MraÄni turizam je turizam koji je obilježen tematikom putovanja koja je vezana uz nasilje, smrt, stradanje i patnju ljudi. Memorijalni ili ratni turizam je jedan od specifiÄnih oblika turizma koji se po mnogim stvarima razlikuje od svih ostalih oblika specifiÄnog i masovnog turizma.Nowadays, tourism is a very popular activity that is carried out in their free time by a large number of people in the modern and developed world. Tourism can be domestic or international, or worldwide, and it is also the main source of income for some countries. In world tourism, there are occasional declines caused by certain global problems, for example wars, economic crises or pandemics. The tourist market is a market of a specific type where, like in other markets, supply and demand meet.
War tourism enters the area of the so-called dark tourism. Dark tourism is a type of tourism that has actually existed since the Middle Ages, but it was officially included in tourist forms and defined only at the beginning of the 21st century. War heritage-based tourism falls under cathegory of dark tourism. Dark tourism is tourism that is marked by travel themes that are related to violence, death, suffering and human suffering. Memorial or war tourism is one of the specific forms of tourism that differs in many respects from all other forms of specific and mass tourism
Professional associations from the perception of information science students
Profesionalna udruženja neprofitne su, neovisne i nevladine organizacije Äiji primarni cilj nije ostvarivanje profita, veÄ ostvarivanje pozitivnih promjena u zajednici. Unutar profesionalnih udruženja okupljaju se istomiÅ”ljenici s ciljem da ojaÄaju i poboljÅ”aju svoju struku. Profesionalna udruženja osnivaju se od strane najmanje tri osnivaÄa i djeluju prema naÄelima neprofitnosti, neovisnosti, dobrotvornosti i samostalnosti. U ovom diplomskom radu predstavljena su neka od najznaÄajnijih inozemnih i hrvatskih profesionalnih udruženja. Cilj istraživanja u okviru ovog rada je istražiti koliko su studenti upoznati s profesionalnim udruženjima u knjižniÄarskim i informacijskim znanostima, smatraju li da su profesionalna udruženja dovoljno vidljiva i promovirana te slažu li se s tim da profesionalna udruženja doprinose razvoju knjižniÄarstva i informacijskih znanosti. Za potrebe istraživanja provedena je anonimna anketa meÄu studentima informacijskih znanosti u Zagrebu, Zadru i Osijeku koju je ukupno ispunilo 129 studenata. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju kako su studenti upoznati s udruženjima koja se ÄeÅ”Äe spominju tokom studija te da smatraju kako su udruženja iznimno korisna za knjižniÄarstvo i informacijske znanosti. TakoÄer, rezultati istraživanja ukazali su na to kako su studenti neodluÄni u nakani da se uÄlane u neko profesionalno udruženje te smatraju da bi se vidljivost profesionalnih udruženja poboljÅ”ala kada bi se viÅ”e promovirali i oglaÅ”avali na druÅ”tvenim mrežama.Professional associations are non-profit, independent and non-governmental organizations whose primary goal is not to make a profit, but to make positive changes in the community. Like-minded people gather within professional associations with the aim of strengthening and improving their field. Professional associations are founded by at least three founders and operate according to the principles of non-profit, independence, charity and autonomy. In this paper, some of the most important foreign and Croatian professional associations are presented. The aim of the research in this paper is to investigate how familiar students are with professional associations in library and information sciences, whether professional associations are sufficiently visible and promoted, and whether they agree that professional associations contribute to the development of librarianship and information sciences. For the purposes of the research, an anonymous survey was conducted among information science students in Zagreb, Zadar and Osijek, which was completed by a total of 129 students. The results of the research show that students are familiar with the associations that are mentioned more often during their studies and that they believe that the associations are extremely useful for librarianship and information sciences. Also, the results of the research indicated that students are hesitant in their intention to join a professional association and believe that the visibility of professional associations would improve if they were more promoted and advertised on social networks
Professional associations from the perception of information science students
Profesionalna udruženja neprofitne su, neovisne i nevladine organizacije Äiji primarni cilj nije ostvarivanje profita, veÄ ostvarivanje pozitivnih promjena u zajednici. Unutar profesionalnih udruženja okupljaju se istomiÅ”ljenici s ciljem da ojaÄaju i poboljÅ”aju svoju struku. Profesionalna udruženja osnivaju se od strane najmanje tri osnivaÄa i djeluju prema naÄelima neprofitnosti, neovisnosti, dobrotvornosti i samostalnosti. U ovom diplomskom radu predstavljena su neka od najznaÄajnijih inozemnih i hrvatskih profesionalnih udruženja. Cilj istraživanja u okviru ovog rada je istražiti koliko su studenti upoznati s profesionalnim udruženjima u knjižniÄarskim i informacijskim znanostima, smatraju li da su profesionalna udruženja dovoljno vidljiva i promovirana te slažu li se s tim da profesionalna udruženja doprinose razvoju knjižniÄarstva i informacijskih znanosti. Za potrebe istraživanja provedena je anonimna anketa meÄu studentima informacijskih znanosti u Zagrebu, Zadru i Osijeku koju je ukupno ispunilo 129 studenata. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju kako su studenti upoznati s udruženjima koja se ÄeÅ”Äe spominju tokom studija te da smatraju kako su udruženja iznimno korisna za knjižniÄarstvo i informacijske znanosti. TakoÄer, rezultati istraživanja ukazali su na to kako su studenti neodluÄni u nakani da se uÄlane u neko profesionalno udruženje te smatraju da bi se vidljivost profesionalnih udruženja poboljÅ”ala kada bi se viÅ”e promovirali i oglaÅ”avali na druÅ”tvenim mrežama.Professional associations are non-profit, independent and non-governmental organizations whose primary goal is not to make a profit, but to make positive changes in the community. Like-minded people gather within professional associations with the aim of strengthening and improving their field. Professional associations are founded by at least three founders and operate according to the principles of non-profit, independence, charity and autonomy. In this paper, some of the most important foreign and Croatian professional associations are presented. The aim of the research in this paper is to investigate how familiar students are with professional associations in library and information sciences, whether professional associations are sufficiently visible and promoted, and whether they agree that professional associations contribute to the development of librarianship and information sciences. For the purposes of the research, an anonymous survey was conducted among information science students in Zagreb, Zadar and Osijek, which was completed by a total of 129 students. The results of the research show that students are familiar with the associations that are mentioned more often during their studies and that they believe that the associations are extremely useful for librarianship and information sciences. Also, the results of the research indicated that students are hesitant in their intention to join a professional association and believe that the visibility of professional associations would improve if they were more promoted and advertised on social networks
Circumstances and risk factors for alcohol, drugs and tobacco consumption in children and adolescents with reference to the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic
Uvod: Konzumacija alkohola, droga i duhana meÄu mladima najÄeÅ”Äi su oblici riziÄnih ponaÅ”anja. Poznavanje obrazaca navedenih ponaÅ”anja u odreÄenoj sredini dalo bi smjernice za izradu specifiÄnih preventivnih programa.
Cilj: Utvrditi prevalenciju, okolnosti i riziÄne Äimbenike konzumacije alkohola droga i duhana meÄu uÄenicima zavrÅ”nih razreda srednjih Å”kola u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji (SDŽ), razlike meÄu Å”kolama (strukovne vs. gimnazije i privatne Å”kole) te razlike u ovisnosti o mjestu pohaÄanja Å”kole (Split i okolica, dalmatinsko zaleÄe, otoci), kao i promjene u konzumaciji alkohola za vrijeme lockdowna tijekom pandemije COVID-19. Ovim istraživanjem želimo utvrditi i uÄestalost i promjene uÄestalosti hospitalizacija zbog akutnih alkoholnih intoksikacija (AAI) meÄu djecom u dobi od 0 do 18 godina u razdoblju od 2008. do 2015. te ih usporediti s rezultatima iz razdoblja od 2016. do 2021. godine, kao i okolnosti koje su dovele do intoksikacije.
Metode: Anonimni anketni upitnik putem mrežne (online) poveznice proslijeÄen je uÄenicima zavrÅ”nih razreda srednjih Å”kola u SDŽ-u (N = 1030). UÄenici su upitnik mogli popuniti od lipnja do srpnja te od listopada do kraja prosinca 2020. godine. Pretražena je i medicinska dokumentacija djece starosti od 0 do 18 godina lijeÄene na Klinici za djeÄje bolesti KBC-a Split od 1. sijeÄnja 2008. do 31. prosinca 2021. godine zbog AAI-a (N = 272 od 2008. do 2015. i N = 71 od 2016. do 2021.)
Rezultati: Prevalencija je puÅ”enja meÄu uÄenicima u SDŽ-u 37,28 %, konzumacije droga 24,27 % te pijenja alkohola 84,66 %. UÄenici koji pohaÄaju strukovne Å”kole ÄeÅ”Äe puÅ”e od uÄenika u gimnazijama i privatnim Å”kolama (P < 0,001), dok meÄu uÄenicima navedenih Å”kola nema razlike u konzumaciji alkohola (P = 0,751) i droga (P = 0,192). DjeÄaci ÄeÅ”Äe konzumiraju droge nego djevojÄice (P = 0,013), dok nema razlike u konzumaciji alkohola (P = 0,328) i duhana (P = 0,85) meÄu spolovima. PuÅ”enje je najÄeÅ”Äe meÄu uÄenicima iz dalmatinskoga zaleÄa (P = 0,037), konzumacija alkohola najÄeÅ”Äa je na otocima (P = 0,007), a droga u Splitu i okolici (P = 0,029). Alkohol se najÄeÅ”Äe pije u noÄnim klubovima i cafĆ© barovima (54,36 %), s prijateljima (92,89 %). UÄenici ga obiÄno piju kako bi se bolje osjeÄali (34,86 %). Pritom se najÄeÅ”Äe piju žestoka piÄa u kombinaciji s bezalkoholnim piÄem (39,33 %). NajveÄi broj uÄenika bez problema samostalno nabavlja alkoholna piÄa (85,33 %), njih 69,03 % barem se jednom opilo. Visina džeparca, samostalno zaraÄivanje, uÄestalost izlazaka, depresivnost, muÅ”ki spol, razvedenost roditelja i viÅ”i stupanj obrazovanja majke povezani su s veÄim rizikom za upuÅ”tanje u riziÄna ponaÅ”anja, dok je za religioznost, veÄu uÄestalost prakticiranja vjere, bavljenje sportom i bolji Å”kolski uspjeh pokazano suprotno.
Tijekom lockdowna zbog pandemije COVID-19 doÅ”lo je do znaÄajnoga pada konzumacije alkohola meÄu uÄenicima zavrÅ”nih razreda srednjih Å”kola u SDŽ-u (P < 0,001), posebno u druÅ”tvu s prijateljima (P < 0,001), dok je porasla uÄestalost pijenja s Älanovima obitelji (P < 0,001), samostalnoga pijenja (P < 0,001) te pijenja u razliÄitim socijalnim kontekstima (P = 0,002). Tijekom lockdowna najÄeÅ”Äe se pilo iz dosade (39,05 %). UÄestalost pijenja tijekom lockdowna bila je manja meÄu 53,98 % uÄenika, dok je 15,63 % uÄenika poveÄalo uÄestalost konzumacije (P < 0,001). MeÄu uÄenicima gimnazija i privatnih Å”kola zabilježen je znaÄajniji pad pijenja u odnosu na uÄenike strukovnih Å”kola (P = 0,002), kao i meÄu uÄenicima na otocima (P = 0,050). MladiÄi su tijekom lockdowna ÄeÅ”Äe pili od djevojaka (P < 0,001). ZnaÄajno smanjenje AAI-a meÄu djecom u dobi od 0 do 18 godina zabilježen je i u 2020. (razdoblje pandemije) u odnosu na 2019. godinu, koja je prethodila pandemiji (P = 0,025).
U razdoblju od 2008. do 2015. godine 488 djece bilo je lijeÄeno na Klinici za djeÄje bolesti KBC-a Split zbog akutnih intoksikacija, od Äega njih 272 (55,74 %) zbog AAI-a, dok ih je u razdoblju od 2016. do 2021. bilo 218, meÄu kojima je 71 dijete (32,57 %) lijeÄeno zbog AAI-a. U obama ispitivanim razdobljima AAI je bio ÄeÅ”Äi meÄu djeÄacima (63,60 % od 2008. do 2015. te 70,42 % od 2016. do 2021.), najÄeÅ”Äe meÄu skupinom u dobi od 14 do 18 godina (P < 0,001), tijekom vikenda i blagdana (P < 0,001) te izvan kuÄe (P < 0,001). ProsjeÄna je dob bila 15,95 Ā± 1,51 godinu u razdoblju 2008. ā 2015., odnosno 16,17 Ā± 1,3 godine u razdoblju 2016. ā 2021.; koncentracija alkohola 2,003 Ā± 0,585 ā° u razdoblju 2008. ā 2015., odnosno 2,15 Ā± 0,539 ā° u razdoblju 2016. ā 2021.; prisustvo ozljeda u 11,03 % sluÄajeva u razdoblju 2008. ā 2015., odnosno 23,94 % u razdoblju 2016. ā 2021.; u razdoblju 2008. ā 2015. na droge je bilo pozitivno 6,25 %, a u razdoblju 2016. ā 2021. 8,45 % djece.
Udio hospitalizacija djece u dobi od 0 do 18 godina zbog AAI-a meÄu svim hospitalizacijama u razdoblju od 2008. (1,33 %) do 2021. godine (0,23 %) znaÄajno se smanjio, pri Äemu se u svakoj sljedeÄoj godini oÄekuje pad za 21,26 %.
ZakljuÄak: Iako je uÄestalost AAI-a meÄu djecom u SDŽ-u u padu, rezultati istraživanja pokazuju visoku prevalenciju konzumacije alkohola, droga i duhana meÄu mladima u ovisnosti o vrsti Å”kole i mjestu pohaÄanja Å”kole. Stoga rezultati ovoga istraživanja mogu dati smjernice za izradu specifiÄnijih preventivnih programa meÄu djecom i mladima. Smanjenje konzumacije alkohola meÄu mladima za vrijeme lockdowna posljedica je smanjenoga druženja s prijateljima i ograniÄene dostupnosti alkohola u tome razdoblju te je pokazatelj da se smanjenjem dostupnosti opojnih tvari, kao i boljom organizacijom i ponudom aktivnosti namijenjenih mladima, može smanjiti incidencija upuÅ”tanja u riziÄna ponaÅ”anja.Background: Alcohol, drugs and tobacco consumption is the most common type of risky behaviors among adolescents. Determinating the speciffic patterns of these behaviors in a particular environment would provide guidelines for creating speciffic prevention programs.
Aim: To determine the prevalence, circumstances and risky factors for alcohol, drugs and tobacco consumption among high school students in Split-Dalmatia County (SDC), differences between schools (vocational vs. gymnasiums and private schools) and differences depending on the place of school attendance (Split and surroundings, rural parts, islands), as well as changes in alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. We also wanted to determine the frequency and changes in hospitalizations due to acute alcohol intoxications (AAI) among children aged 0-18 in the period from 2008 to 2015 and compare them with the results from 2016 to 2021, as well as changes in circumstances that led to intoxication.
Methods: An anonymous questionnaire survey was distributed online to final grade high school students of all schools in SDC (N = 1030). Students were able to complete the questionnaire survey in a period from June to July and from October to the end of December 2020. The data of children aged 0 to 18 years who were hospitalized for AAI at Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Split in a period from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2021 (N = 272 from 2008 to 2015 and N = 71 from 2016 to 2021) were collected retrospectively from hospital medical records.
Results: The prevalence of smoking among students in SDC is 37.28 %, drugs consumption 24.27 %, and drinking 84.66 %. Students attending vocational schools smoke more often than students in gymnasiums and private schools (P < 0.001), while there is no difference in alcohol (P = 0.751) and drugs consumption (P = 0.192) between students depending on the school type. Boys consume drugs more often (P = 0.013) than girls, while there is no difference in alcohol (P = 0.328) and tobacco (P = 0.85) consumption depending on the gender. Smoking is most common among students from the rural parts of SDC (P = 0.037), alcohol consumption on islands (P = 0.007), and drugs in Split and the surrounding area (P = 0.029). Students most frequently drink in nightclubs and coffee bars (54.36 %), with friends (92.89 %), āto feel betterā (34.86 %), where they often drink mixed drinks (39.33 %). Students most often buy alcoholic beverages without any problem (85.33 %) and 69.03 % had been drunk in lifetime. While the greater amount of pocket money, employment, frequency of going out, depression, male gender, higher level of maternal education and having divorced parents increase the risk of participating in risky behaviors, religiosity, higher frequency of religion practicing, sports participation, and higher school performance reduce it.
During the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, there was a significant decrease in alcohol consumption among high school students in SDC (P < 0.001), especially with friends (P < 0.001), while the frequency of drinking with family members (P < 0.001), drinking alone (P < 0.001) and in different social context (P = 0.002) increased. Students were most often drinking out of boredom (39.05 %) during the lockdown. There was a decrease in frequency of drinking during the lockdown among 53.98 % of students, while 15.63 % of them increased it (P < 0.001). The decrease in alcohol consumption was more signifficant among students in gymnasiums and private schools than among students from vocational schools (P = 0.002), as well as among students on islands (P = 0.050). Boys were drinking more often than girls (P < 0.001) during the lockdown period. A significant decrease in AAI among children aged 0-18 years was also recorded in 2020 (pandemic period) compared to 2019 (pre-pandemic period) (P = 0.025).
In the period from 2008 to 2015, 488 children were hospitalized at Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Split for acute intoxications, 272 (55.74 %) of them due to AAI, while in the period from 2016 to 2021 there were 218 intoxicated children, 71 (32.57 %) of them hospitalized due to AAI. In both examined periods, AAIs were more frequent among boys (63.60 % from 2008 ā 2015, and 70.42 % from 2016 ā 2021), most often among children aged 14 to 18 years (P < 0.001), during weekends and holidays (P < 0.001), and in outside places (P < 0.001). The average age was 15.95 Ā± 1.51 (in a period 2008 ā 2015) and 16.17 Ā± 1.30 (in a period 2016 ā 2021); blood alcohol concentration 2.003 Ā± 0.585 ā° (in a period 2008 ā 2015) and 2.15 Ā± 0.539 ā° (in a period 2016 ā 2021); the presence of injuries was detected among 11.03 % (in a period 2008 ā 2015) and 23.94 % (in a period 2016 ā 2021) children; and 6.25 % (in a period 2008 ā 2015) and 8.45 % (in a period 2016 ā 2021) children were positive for drugs in urine samples.
The proportion of hospitalizations of children aged 0-18 due to AAI among all hospitalizations has signifficantly decreased from 2008 (1.33 %) to 2021 (0.23 %), with an expected decrease of 21.26 % in every next year.
Conclusion: Although the incidence of AAIs among children in SDC is declining, the results of this study show a high prevalence of alcohol, drug and tobacco consumption among adolescents, depending on the type and place of school attendance. Therefore the results of this study can provide guidelines for more specific prevention programms among children and adolescents. The decrease in alcohol consumption among adolescents during the lockdown is a consequence of reduced socializing with friends and limited availability of alcohol during this period, and an indication that reducing the availability of psychoactive substances and maybe with better organization and offer of activities where young people can socialize, the incidence of risky behaviors among them can be reduced
Circumstances and risk factors for alcohol, drugs and tobacco consumption in children and adolescents with reference to the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic
Uvod: Konzumacija alkohola, droga i duhana meÄu mladima najÄeÅ”Äi su oblici riziÄnih ponaÅ”anja. Poznavanje obrazaca navedenih ponaÅ”anja u odreÄenoj sredini dalo bi smjernice za izradu specifiÄnih preventivnih programa.
Cilj: Utvrditi prevalenciju, okolnosti i riziÄne Äimbenike konzumacije alkohola droga i duhana meÄu uÄenicima zavrÅ”nih razreda srednjih Å”kola u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji (SDŽ), razlike meÄu Å”kolama (strukovne vs. gimnazije i privatne Å”kole) te razlike u ovisnosti o mjestu pohaÄanja Å”kole (Split i okolica, dalmatinsko zaleÄe, otoci), kao i promjene u konzumaciji alkohola za vrijeme lockdowna tijekom pandemije COVID-19. Ovim istraživanjem želimo utvrditi i uÄestalost i promjene uÄestalosti hospitalizacija zbog akutnih alkoholnih intoksikacija (AAI) meÄu djecom u dobi od 0 do 18 godina u razdoblju od 2008. do 2015. te ih usporediti s rezultatima iz razdoblja od 2016. do 2021. godine, kao i okolnosti koje su dovele do intoksikacije.
Metode: Anonimni anketni upitnik putem mrežne (online) poveznice proslijeÄen je uÄenicima zavrÅ”nih razreda srednjih Å”kola u SDŽ-u (N = 1030). UÄenici su upitnik mogli popuniti od lipnja do srpnja te od listopada do kraja prosinca 2020. godine. Pretražena je i medicinska dokumentacija djece starosti od 0 do 18 godina lijeÄene na Klinici za djeÄje bolesti KBC-a Split od 1. sijeÄnja 2008. do 31. prosinca 2021. godine zbog AAI-a (N = 272 od 2008. do 2015. i N = 71 od 2016. do 2021.)
Rezultati: Prevalencija je puÅ”enja meÄu uÄenicima u SDŽ-u 37,28 %, konzumacije droga 24,27 % te pijenja alkohola 84,66 %. UÄenici koji pohaÄaju strukovne Å”kole ÄeÅ”Äe puÅ”e od uÄenika u gimnazijama i privatnim Å”kolama (P < 0,001), dok meÄu uÄenicima navedenih Å”kola nema razlike u konzumaciji alkohola (P = 0,751) i droga (P = 0,192). DjeÄaci ÄeÅ”Äe konzumiraju droge nego djevojÄice (P = 0,013), dok nema razlike u konzumaciji alkohola (P = 0,328) i duhana (P = 0,85) meÄu spolovima. PuÅ”enje je najÄeÅ”Äe meÄu uÄenicima iz dalmatinskoga zaleÄa (P = 0,037), konzumacija alkohola najÄeÅ”Äa je na otocima (P = 0,007), a droga u Splitu i okolici (P = 0,029). Alkohol se najÄeÅ”Äe pije u noÄnim klubovima i cafĆ© barovima (54,36 %), s prijateljima (92,89 %). UÄenici ga obiÄno piju kako bi se bolje osjeÄali (34,86 %). Pritom se najÄeÅ”Äe piju žestoka piÄa u kombinaciji s bezalkoholnim piÄem (39,33 %). NajveÄi broj uÄenika bez problema samostalno nabavlja alkoholna piÄa (85,33 %), njih 69,03 % barem se jednom opilo. Visina džeparca, samostalno zaraÄivanje, uÄestalost izlazaka, depresivnost, muÅ”ki spol, razvedenost roditelja i viÅ”i stupanj obrazovanja majke povezani su s veÄim rizikom za upuÅ”tanje u riziÄna ponaÅ”anja, dok je za religioznost, veÄu uÄestalost prakticiranja vjere, bavljenje sportom i bolji Å”kolski uspjeh pokazano suprotno.
Tijekom lockdowna zbog pandemije COVID-19 doÅ”lo je do znaÄajnoga pada konzumacije alkohola meÄu uÄenicima zavrÅ”nih razreda srednjih Å”kola u SDŽ-u (P < 0,001), posebno u druÅ”tvu s prijateljima (P < 0,001), dok je porasla uÄestalost pijenja s Älanovima obitelji (P < 0,001), samostalnoga pijenja (P < 0,001) te pijenja u razliÄitim socijalnim kontekstima (P = 0,002). Tijekom lockdowna najÄeÅ”Äe se pilo iz dosade (39,05 %). UÄestalost pijenja tijekom lockdowna bila je manja meÄu 53,98 % uÄenika, dok je 15,63 % uÄenika poveÄalo uÄestalost konzumacije (P < 0,001). MeÄu uÄenicima gimnazija i privatnih Å”kola zabilježen je znaÄajniji pad pijenja u odnosu na uÄenike strukovnih Å”kola (P = 0,002), kao i meÄu uÄenicima na otocima (P = 0,050). MladiÄi su tijekom lockdowna ÄeÅ”Äe pili od djevojaka (P < 0,001). ZnaÄajno smanjenje AAI-a meÄu djecom u dobi od 0 do 18 godina zabilježen je i u 2020. (razdoblje pandemije) u odnosu na 2019. godinu, koja je prethodila pandemiji (P = 0,025).
U razdoblju od 2008. do 2015. godine 488 djece bilo je lijeÄeno na Klinici za djeÄje bolesti KBC-a Split zbog akutnih intoksikacija, od Äega njih 272 (55,74 %) zbog AAI-a, dok ih je u razdoblju od 2016. do 2021. bilo 218, meÄu kojima je 71 dijete (32,57 %) lijeÄeno zbog AAI-a. U obama ispitivanim razdobljima AAI je bio ÄeÅ”Äi meÄu djeÄacima (63,60 % od 2008. do 2015. te 70,42 % od 2016. do 2021.), najÄeÅ”Äe meÄu skupinom u dobi od 14 do 18 godina (P < 0,001), tijekom vikenda i blagdana (P < 0,001) te izvan kuÄe (P < 0,001). ProsjeÄna je dob bila 15,95 Ā± 1,51 godinu u razdoblju 2008. ā 2015., odnosno 16,17 Ā± 1,3 godine u razdoblju 2016. ā 2021.; koncentracija alkohola 2,003 Ā± 0,585 ā° u razdoblju 2008. ā 2015., odnosno 2,15 Ā± 0,539 ā° u razdoblju 2016. ā 2021.; prisustvo ozljeda u 11,03 % sluÄajeva u razdoblju 2008. ā 2015., odnosno 23,94 % u razdoblju 2016. ā 2021.; u razdoblju 2008. ā 2015. na droge je bilo pozitivno 6,25 %, a u razdoblju 2016. ā 2021. 8,45 % djece.
Udio hospitalizacija djece u dobi od 0 do 18 godina zbog AAI-a meÄu svim hospitalizacijama u razdoblju od 2008. (1,33 %) do 2021. godine (0,23 %) znaÄajno se smanjio, pri Äemu se u svakoj sljedeÄoj godini oÄekuje pad za 21,26 %.
ZakljuÄak: Iako je uÄestalost AAI-a meÄu djecom u SDŽ-u u padu, rezultati istraživanja pokazuju visoku prevalenciju konzumacije alkohola, droga i duhana meÄu mladima u ovisnosti o vrsti Å”kole i mjestu pohaÄanja Å”kole. Stoga rezultati ovoga istraživanja mogu dati smjernice za izradu specifiÄnijih preventivnih programa meÄu djecom i mladima. Smanjenje konzumacije alkohola meÄu mladima za vrijeme lockdowna posljedica je smanjenoga druženja s prijateljima i ograniÄene dostupnosti alkohola u tome razdoblju te je pokazatelj da se smanjenjem dostupnosti opojnih tvari, kao i boljom organizacijom i ponudom aktivnosti namijenjenih mladima, može smanjiti incidencija upuÅ”tanja u riziÄna ponaÅ”anja.Background: Alcohol, drugs and tobacco consumption is the most common type of risky behaviors among adolescents. Determinating the speciffic patterns of these behaviors in a particular environment would provide guidelines for creating speciffic prevention programs.
Aim: To determine the prevalence, circumstances and risky factors for alcohol, drugs and tobacco consumption among high school students in Split-Dalmatia County (SDC), differences between schools (vocational vs. gymnasiums and private schools) and differences depending on the place of school attendance (Split and surroundings, rural parts, islands), as well as changes in alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. We also wanted to determine the frequency and changes in hospitalizations due to acute alcohol intoxications (AAI) among children aged 0-18 in the period from 2008 to 2015 and compare them with the results from 2016 to 2021, as well as changes in circumstances that led to intoxication.
Methods: An anonymous questionnaire survey was distributed online to final grade high school students of all schools in SDC (N = 1030). Students were able to complete the questionnaire survey in a period from June to July and from October to the end of December 2020. The data of children aged 0 to 18 years who were hospitalized for AAI at Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Split in a period from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2021 (N = 272 from 2008 to 2015 and N = 71 from 2016 to 2021) were collected retrospectively from hospital medical records.
Results: The prevalence of smoking among students in SDC is 37.28 %, drugs consumption 24.27 %, and drinking 84.66 %. Students attending vocational schools smoke more often than students in gymnasiums and private schools (P < 0.001), while there is no difference in alcohol (P = 0.751) and drugs consumption (P = 0.192) between students depending on the school type. Boys consume drugs more often (P = 0.013) than girls, while there is no difference in alcohol (P = 0.328) and tobacco (P = 0.85) consumption depending on the gender. Smoking is most common among students from the rural parts of SDC (P = 0.037), alcohol consumption on islands (P = 0.007), and drugs in Split and the surrounding area (P = 0.029). Students most frequently drink in nightclubs and coffee bars (54.36 %), with friends (92.89 %), āto feel betterā (34.86 %), where they often drink mixed drinks (39.33 %). Students most often buy alcoholic beverages without any problem (85.33 %) and 69.03 % had been drunk in lifetime. While the greater amount of pocket money, employment, frequency of going out, depression, male gender, higher level of maternal education and having divorced parents increase the risk of participating in risky behaviors, religiosity, higher frequency of religion practicing, sports participation, and higher school performance reduce it.
During the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, there was a significant decrease in alcohol consumption among high school students in SDC (P < 0.001), especially with friends (P < 0.001), while the frequency of drinking with family members (P < 0.001), drinking alone (P < 0.001) and in different social context (P = 0.002) increased. Students were most often drinking out of boredom (39.05 %) during the lockdown. There was a decrease in frequency of drinking during the lockdown among 53.98 % of students, while 15.63 % of them increased it (P < 0.001). The decrease in alcohol consumption was more signifficant among students in gymnasiums and private schools than among students from vocational schools (P = 0.002), as well as among students on islands (P = 0.050). Boys were drinking more often than girls (P < 0.001) during the lockdown period. A significant decrease in AAI among children aged 0-18 years was also recorded in 2020 (pandemic period) compared to 2019 (pre-pandemic period) (P = 0.025).
In the period from 2008 to 2015, 488 children were hospitalized at Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Split for acute intoxications, 272 (55.74 %) of them due to AAI, while in the period from 2016 to 2021 there were 218 intoxicated children, 71 (32.57 %) of them hospitalized due to AAI. In both examined periods, AAIs were more frequent among boys (63.60 % from 2008 ā 2015, and 70.42 % from 2016 ā 2021), most often among children aged 14 to 18 years (P < 0.001), during weekends and holidays (P < 0.001), and in outside places (P < 0.001). The average age was 15.95 Ā± 1.51 (in a period 2008 ā 2015) and 16.17 Ā± 1.30 (in a period 2016 ā 2021); blood alcohol concentration 2.003 Ā± 0.585 ā° (in a period 2008 ā 2015) and 2.15 Ā± 0.539 ā° (in a period 2016 ā 2021); the presence of injuries was detected among 11.03 % (in a period 2008 ā 2015) and 23.94 % (in a period 2016 ā 2021) children; and 6.25 % (in a period 2008 ā 2015) and 8.45 % (in a period 2016 ā 2021) children were positive for drugs in urine samples.
The proportion of hospitalizations of children aged 0-18 due to AAI among all hospitalizations has signifficantly decreased from 2008 (1.33 %) to 2021 (0.23 %), with an expected decrease of 21.26 % in every next year.
Conclusion: Although the incidence of AAIs among children in SDC is declining, the results of this study show a high prevalence of alcohol, drug and tobacco consumption among adolescents, depending on the type and place of school attendance. Therefore the results of this study can provide guidelines for more specific prevention programms among children and adolescents. The decrease in alcohol consumption among adolescents during the lockdown is a consequence of reduced socializing with friends and limited availability of alcohol during this period, and an indication that reducing the availability of psychoactive substances and maybe with better organization and offer of activities where young people can socialize, the incidence of risky behaviors among them can be reduced
Circumstances and risk factors for alcohol, drugs and tobacco consumption in children and adolescents with reference to the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic
Uvod: Konzumacija alkohola, droga i duhana meÄu mladima najÄeÅ”Äi su oblici riziÄnih ponaÅ”anja. Poznavanje obrazaca navedenih ponaÅ”anja u odreÄenoj sredini dalo bi smjernice za izradu specifiÄnih preventivnih programa.
Cilj: Utvrditi prevalenciju, okolnosti i riziÄne Äimbenike konzumacije alkohola droga i duhana meÄu uÄenicima zavrÅ”nih razreda srednjih Å”kola u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji (SDŽ), razlike meÄu Å”kolama (strukovne vs. gimnazije i privatne Å”kole) te razlike u ovisnosti o mjestu pohaÄanja Å”kole (Split i okolica, dalmatinsko zaleÄe, otoci), kao i promjene u konzumaciji alkohola za vrijeme lockdowna tijekom pandemije COVID-19. Ovim istraživanjem želimo utvrditi i uÄestalost i promjene uÄestalosti hospitalizacija zbog akutnih alkoholnih intoksikacija (AAI) meÄu djecom u dobi od 0 do 18 godina u razdoblju od 2008. do 2015. te ih usporediti s rezultatima iz razdoblja od 2016. do 2021. godine, kao i okolnosti koje su dovele do intoksikacije.
Metode: Anonimni anketni upitnik putem mrežne (online) poveznice proslijeÄen je uÄenicima zavrÅ”nih razreda srednjih Å”kola u SDŽ-u (N = 1030). UÄenici su upitnik mogli popuniti od lipnja do srpnja te od listopada do kraja prosinca 2020. godine. Pretražena je i medicinska dokumentacija djece starosti od 0 do 18 godina lijeÄene na Klinici za djeÄje bolesti KBC-a Split od 1. sijeÄnja 2008. do 31. prosinca 2021. godine zbog AAI-a (N = 272 od 2008. do 2015. i N = 71 od 2016. do 2021.)
Rezultati: Prevalencija je puÅ”enja meÄu uÄenicima u SDŽ-u 37,28 %, konzumacije droga 24,27 % te pijenja alkohola 84,66 %. UÄenici koji pohaÄaju strukovne Å”kole ÄeÅ”Äe puÅ”e od uÄenika u gimnazijama i privatnim Å”kolama (P < 0,001), dok meÄu uÄenicima navedenih Å”kola nema razlike u konzumaciji alkohola (P = 0,751) i droga (P = 0,192). DjeÄaci ÄeÅ”Äe konzumiraju droge nego djevojÄice (P = 0,013), dok nema razlike u konzumaciji alkohola (P = 0,328) i duhana (P = 0,85) meÄu spolovima. PuÅ”enje je najÄeÅ”Äe meÄu uÄenicima iz dalmatinskoga zaleÄa (P = 0,037), konzumacija alkohola najÄeÅ”Äa je na otocima (P = 0,007), a droga u Splitu i okolici (P = 0,029). Alkohol se najÄeÅ”Äe pije u noÄnim klubovima i cafĆ© barovima (54,36 %), s prijateljima (92,89 %). UÄenici ga obiÄno piju kako bi se bolje osjeÄali (34,86 %). Pritom se najÄeÅ”Äe piju žestoka piÄa u kombinaciji s bezalkoholnim piÄem (39,33 %). NajveÄi broj uÄenika bez problema samostalno nabavlja alkoholna piÄa (85,33 %), njih 69,03 % barem se jednom opilo. Visina džeparca, samostalno zaraÄivanje, uÄestalost izlazaka, depresivnost, muÅ”ki spol, razvedenost roditelja i viÅ”i stupanj obrazovanja majke povezani su s veÄim rizikom za upuÅ”tanje u riziÄna ponaÅ”anja, dok je za religioznost, veÄu uÄestalost prakticiranja vjere, bavljenje sportom i bolji Å”kolski uspjeh pokazano suprotno.
Tijekom lockdowna zbog pandemije COVID-19 doÅ”lo je do znaÄajnoga pada konzumacije alkohola meÄu uÄenicima zavrÅ”nih razreda srednjih Å”kola u SDŽ-u (P < 0,001), posebno u druÅ”tvu s prijateljima (P < 0,001), dok je porasla uÄestalost pijenja s Älanovima obitelji (P < 0,001), samostalnoga pijenja (P < 0,001) te pijenja u razliÄitim socijalnim kontekstima (P = 0,002). Tijekom lockdowna najÄeÅ”Äe se pilo iz dosade (39,05 %). UÄestalost pijenja tijekom lockdowna bila je manja meÄu 53,98 % uÄenika, dok je 15,63 % uÄenika poveÄalo uÄestalost konzumacije (P < 0,001). MeÄu uÄenicima gimnazija i privatnih Å”kola zabilježen je znaÄajniji pad pijenja u odnosu na uÄenike strukovnih Å”kola (P = 0,002), kao i meÄu uÄenicima na otocima (P = 0,050). MladiÄi su tijekom lockdowna ÄeÅ”Äe pili od djevojaka (P < 0,001). ZnaÄajno smanjenje AAI-a meÄu djecom u dobi od 0 do 18 godina zabilježen je i u 2020. (razdoblje pandemije) u odnosu na 2019. godinu, koja je prethodila pandemiji (P = 0,025).
U razdoblju od 2008. do 2015. godine 488 djece bilo je lijeÄeno na Klinici za djeÄje bolesti KBC-a Split zbog akutnih intoksikacija, od Äega njih 272 (55,74 %) zbog AAI-a, dok ih je u razdoblju od 2016. do 2021. bilo 218, meÄu kojima je 71 dijete (32,57 %) lijeÄeno zbog AAI-a. U obama ispitivanim razdobljima AAI je bio ÄeÅ”Äi meÄu djeÄacima (63,60 % od 2008. do 2015. te 70,42 % od 2016. do 2021.), najÄeÅ”Äe meÄu skupinom u dobi od 14 do 18 godina (P < 0,001), tijekom vikenda i blagdana (P < 0,001) te izvan kuÄe (P < 0,001). ProsjeÄna je dob bila 15,95 Ā± 1,51 godinu u razdoblju 2008. ā 2015., odnosno 16,17 Ā± 1,3 godine u razdoblju 2016. ā 2021.; koncentracija alkohola 2,003 Ā± 0,585 ā° u razdoblju 2008. ā 2015., odnosno 2,15 Ā± 0,539 ā° u razdoblju 2016. ā 2021.; prisustvo ozljeda u 11,03 % sluÄajeva u razdoblju 2008. ā 2015., odnosno 23,94 % u razdoblju 2016. ā 2021.; u razdoblju 2008. ā 2015. na droge je bilo pozitivno 6,25 %, a u razdoblju 2016. ā 2021. 8,45 % djece.
Udio hospitalizacija djece u dobi od 0 do 18 godina zbog AAI-a meÄu svim hospitalizacijama u razdoblju od 2008. (1,33 %) do 2021. godine (0,23 %) znaÄajno se smanjio, pri Äemu se u svakoj sljedeÄoj godini oÄekuje pad za 21,26 %.
ZakljuÄak: Iako je uÄestalost AAI-a meÄu djecom u SDŽ-u u padu, rezultati istraživanja pokazuju visoku prevalenciju konzumacije alkohola, droga i duhana meÄu mladima u ovisnosti o vrsti Å”kole i mjestu pohaÄanja Å”kole. Stoga rezultati ovoga istraživanja mogu dati smjernice za izradu specifiÄnijih preventivnih programa meÄu djecom i mladima. Smanjenje konzumacije alkohola meÄu mladima za vrijeme lockdowna posljedica je smanjenoga druženja s prijateljima i ograniÄene dostupnosti alkohola u tome razdoblju te je pokazatelj da se smanjenjem dostupnosti opojnih tvari, kao i boljom organizacijom i ponudom aktivnosti namijenjenih mladima, može smanjiti incidencija upuÅ”tanja u riziÄna ponaÅ”anja.Background: Alcohol, drugs and tobacco consumption is the most common type of risky behaviors among adolescents. Determinating the speciffic patterns of these behaviors in a particular environment would provide guidelines for creating speciffic prevention programs.
Aim: To determine the prevalence, circumstances and risky factors for alcohol, drugs and tobacco consumption among high school students in Split-Dalmatia County (SDC), differences between schools (vocational vs. gymnasiums and private schools) and differences depending on the place of school attendance (Split and surroundings, rural parts, islands), as well as changes in alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. We also wanted to determine the frequency and changes in hospitalizations due to acute alcohol intoxications (AAI) among children aged 0-18 in the period from 2008 to 2015 and compare them with the results from 2016 to 2021, as well as changes in circumstances that led to intoxication.
Methods: An anonymous questionnaire survey was distributed online to final grade high school students of all schools in SDC (N = 1030). Students were able to complete the questionnaire survey in a period from June to July and from October to the end of December 2020. The data of children aged 0 to 18 years who were hospitalized for AAI at Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Split in a period from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2021 (N = 272 from 2008 to 2015 and N = 71 from 2016 to 2021) were collected retrospectively from hospital medical records.
Results: The prevalence of smoking among students in SDC is 37.28 %, drugs consumption 24.27 %, and drinking 84.66 %. Students attending vocational schools smoke more often than students in gymnasiums and private schools (P < 0.001), while there is no difference in alcohol (P = 0.751) and drugs consumption (P = 0.192) between students depending on the school type. Boys consume drugs more often (P = 0.013) than girls, while there is no difference in alcohol (P = 0.328) and tobacco (P = 0.85) consumption depending on the gender. Smoking is most common among students from the rural parts of SDC (P = 0.037), alcohol consumption on islands (P = 0.007), and drugs in Split and the surrounding area (P = 0.029). Students most frequently drink in nightclubs and coffee bars (54.36 %), with friends (92.89 %), āto feel betterā (34.86 %), where they often drink mixed drinks (39.33 %). Students most often buy alcoholic beverages without any problem (85.33 %) and 69.03 % had been drunk in lifetime. While the greater amount of pocket money, employment, frequency of going out, depression, male gender, higher level of maternal education and having divorced parents increase the risk of participating in risky behaviors, religiosity, higher frequency of religion practicing, sports participation, and higher school performance reduce it.
During the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, there was a significant decrease in alcohol consumption among high school students in SDC (P < 0.001), especially with friends (P < 0.001), while the frequency of drinking with family members (P < 0.001), drinking alone (P < 0.001) and in different social context (P = 0.002) increased. Students were most often drinking out of boredom (39.05 %) during the lockdown. There was a decrease in frequency of drinking during the lockdown among 53.98 % of students, while 15.63 % of them increased it (P < 0.001). The decrease in alcohol consumption was more signifficant among students in gymnasiums and private schools than among students from vocational schools (P = 0.002), as well as among students on islands (P = 0.050). Boys were drinking more often than girls (P < 0.001) during the lockdown period. A significant decrease in AAI among children aged 0-18 years was also recorded in 2020 (pandemic period) compared to 2019 (pre-pandemic period) (P = 0.025).
In the period from 2008 to 2015, 488 children were hospitalized at Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Split for acute intoxications, 272 (55.74 %) of them due to AAI, while in the period from 2016 to 2021 there were 218 intoxicated children, 71 (32.57 %) of them hospitalized due to AAI. In both examined periods, AAIs were more frequent among boys (63.60 % from 2008 ā 2015, and 70.42 % from 2016 ā 2021), most often among children aged 14 to 18 years (P < 0.001), during weekends and holidays (P < 0.001), and in outside places (P < 0.001). The average age was 15.95 Ā± 1.51 (in a period 2008 ā 2015) and 16.17 Ā± 1.30 (in a period 2016 ā 2021); blood alcohol concentration 2.003 Ā± 0.585 ā° (in a period 2008 ā 2015) and 2.15 Ā± 0.539 ā° (in a period 2016 ā 2021); the presence of injuries was detected among 11.03 % (in a period 2008 ā 2015) and 23.94 % (in a period 2016 ā 2021) children; and 6.25 % (in a period 2008 ā 2015) and 8.45 % (in a period 2016 ā 2021) children were positive for drugs in urine samples.
The proportion of hospitalizations of children aged 0-18 due to AAI among all hospitalizations has signifficantly decreased from 2008 (1.33 %) to 2021 (0.23 %), with an expected decrease of 21.26 % in every next year.
Conclusion: Although the incidence of AAIs among children in SDC is declining, the results of this study show a high prevalence of alcohol, drug and tobacco consumption among adolescents, depending on the type and place of school attendance. Therefore the results of this study can provide guidelines for more specific prevention programms among children and adolescents. The decrease in alcohol consumption among adolescents during the lockdown is a consequence of reduced socializing with friends and limited availability of alcohol during this period, and an indication that reducing the availability of psychoactive substances and maybe with better organization and offer of activities where young people can socialize, the incidence of risky behaviors among them can be reduced
Changing Pattern of Acute Alcohol Intoxications in Children
In many countries, the number of children hospitalized for alcohol intoxication is increasing. This study analyzed changes in the number of hospitalizations for alcohol intoxication in children aged 0ā18 years at the Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Split, from 2008 to 2015. Material/Methods Data were collected retrospectively from hospital medical records. Risk groups were classified according to sex, age, drinking habits, and possible benefits of early psychological or psychiatric interventions. Children were divided into 4 age groups: 0ā5 years, 6ā9 years, 10ā13 years, and 14ā18 years. Statistics 12.00 was used for statistical analyses, with P-value <0.05 considered as statistically significant. Results Out of 24 651 hospitalized children, 488 were treated for acute intoxication: 36.40% were girls and 63.60% were boys. Among them, 272 children (55.74%) were acutely intoxicated with alcohol, with the average age of 15.95 years and the average blood alcohol concentration of 2.00%. The proportion of children hospitalized for alcohol intoxication decreased from 1.33% in 2008 to 0.75% in 2015. Alcohol intoxications occurred in most cases outside childrenās homes (92.42%, P=0.001), and on weekends and holidays (81.62%). Among all intoxicated children, 17 children (6.25%) were positive for drugs. A total of 51.29% of children received psychological support (58.59% of girls and 47.09% of boys). Conclusions In this study, the number of children hospitalized for alcohol intoxication decreased, possibly as a result of preventive, educational, and psychotherapeutic measures or changing drinking habits. Acute alcohol intoxication was most common in the group of children aged 14 to 18 years, and a significant number of these children were positive for drugs, thus, further preventive interventions should be provide