Interaction between Carbon-Dioxide and Hydrogen with Promoted Metallic Surfaces

The interaction between carbon dioxide and hydrogen was studied in presence of nickel and nickel thoria catalysts at atmospheric pressure and at elevated pressures of the order of 150 lbs. per sq.inch. In part I, the reaction is studied at atmospheric pressure with nickel thoria catalyst. The preparation of the catalyst is described in detail in Chapter I. The description of apparatus employed, reduction of the catalyst, and experimental procedure are dealt with in the following chapters. In chapter V, the results and discussion of the results are given. Here, the method of calculation for a run is shown. Experiments were carried out by varying the partial pressure of both the components. Equations from kinetics of heterogeneous reactions are applied to interpret the results and it is found that both the gases are adsorbed on the catalyst surface. The trend of results obtained by keeping the partial pressure of one component constant and varying that of the other suggests that reaction takes place by the interaction between adsorbed molecules of carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Results when plotted on log log graph showed that diffusion of neither reactants nor products through a gaseous film seem to exert any great influence on the rate of reaction. In part II, nickel catalyst was employed. The apparatus employed, experimental procedure, and method of calculation are all the same as that in nickel thoria section. The reaction is studied first by keeping the partial pressure of hydrogen constant and varying that of carbon dioxide and then by keeping partial pressure of CO2 constant and varying that of H2. The results suggest the same sort of mechanism as in nickel thoria catalyst. In section B, part II, a method is presented to determine the most plausible mechanism out of a number of postulated mechanisms. The complete derivation of the equation for one of the mechanisms is shown and the method of analysis using experimental results also is illustrated. A final equation is recommended for the hydrogenation of carbon-dioxide at atmospheric pressure in presence of nickel catalyst. In part III, the reaction is studied at elevated pressures using nickel and nickel thoria catalysts. The general layout of the plant and a detailed description of the parts are given in Chapter I. In the next chapter is described the operation of the plant. The results are discussed in chapter III. The calculations for a run are shown. The effect of pressure on yield through its effect on the density etc. is discussed. The trend of results point out to the same conclusion as that arrived at under reaction at atmospheric pressure

Recognition and Understanding of Emotions in Persons with Mild to Moderate Mental Retardation

Deficits in intellectual ability have been linked to deficits in emotion understanding and consequently social competence. Research suggests that individuals with mental retardation exhibit deficits in their ability to identify emotional states in themselves and others, relative to normal mental age matched controls and peers and display an inability to decode facial expressions of emotion. Emotional experience is elicited in part by a cognitive appraisal of a situation toward a goal. However, the ecological validity of previous studies is limited. In this study we developed new materials to investigate the emotion understanding skills of persons with mild to moderate mental retardation. Six tasks included faces displaying emotion in context, comic strips, audio, video and audio-visual material of individuals expressing emotions in context. Results indicated that the mentally retarded were able to identify emotions in context than expressions without context and emotion understanding improved with increasing contextual cues and dynamic content

An assessment of WISC-IIIUK on children with HIV infection

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Third Edition UK test was administered to groups of children between the ages of 6 and 12years with vertically transmitted HIV infection (n=70) and a control group who were not infected by the virus (n=70). The study was conducted in India. The two groups were matched for general verbal abilities, age and gender. The children were assessed for Verbal IQ, Performance IQ and Full-Scale IQ. The Verbal Comprehension Index, Perceptual Organization Index and Freedom from Distractibility Index were also obtained. A three-factor analysis of variance disclosed that school-age children with vertically transmitted HIV infection notched below in the areas of Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, Full-Scale IQ, Verbal Comprehension Index, Perceptual Organization Index and Freedom from Distractibility Index when collated with normal uninfected cohorts. Findings are discussed in the light of both theoretical and clinical implications

Intramodal and cross-modal discrimination of curvature: Haptic touch versus vision

Les 60 participants, 20 dans chacune des trois conditions expérimentales, ont porté des jugements de type « même-différent » sur des paires de stimuli qui différaient quant à leur rayon de courbure. Les stimuli étaient présentés dans le cadre de deux conditions unimodales, vision et toucher haptique, et d’une condition intermodale (vision + toucher haptique). Exprimés à l’aide de l’indice d´, les meilleurs résultats étaient obtenus dans la condition unimodale visuelle et les moins bons dans la condition de toucher haptique. La condition visuelle-haptique conduisait à un niveau de performance intermédiaire. L'exécution unimodale visuelle dépassait l’exécution intermodale de près d'une unité de d´, tandis que l'exécution intermodale dépassait l'exécution haptique de près d'une unité de d´. L'expérience souligne les différences relatives entre la vision et le toucher haptique dans la discrimination des courbures des objets.A total of 60 subjects, 20 in each experimental condition, gave 'same-different' judgments to pairs of stimuli differing in radius of curvature. Stimuli were presented intramodally to vision, intramodally to haptic touch, and cross-modally to vision and haptic touch. Results showed that performance, quantified by the measure d´, differed among the three modality conditions, being best in vision and poorest in haptics, with cross-modal performance falling roughly mid-way between. Unimodal visual performance exceeded cross-modal performance by about one d´ unit, and cross-modal performance similarly exceeded unimodal haptic performance by about one d´ unit. The study reveals the relative differences in the discrimination of curvatures of objects in vision and haptics

PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF VIOLENCE AND ABUSE IN THE LIVES OF STREET CHILDREN IN SRI LANKA

Crianças de rua do Sri Lanka, entre as idades de 5 e 11 anos, foram avaliadas psicologicamente quanto ao impacto da violência e de abuso, testando-se a quantidade de: agressão percebida; habilidades de enfrentamento; e impacto do abuso. Os resultados indicaram que as crianças mais novas manifestaram mais agressão do que as mais velhas e que os meninos eram mais agressivos do que as meninas. Esta agressão ocorreu principalmente ante a condição de abuso sexual. As crianças mais velhas pareceram ser capazes de um enfrentamento melhor do que as menores sendo que, as meninas, em geral, estavam mais capacitadas para o enfrentamento do que os meninos. O impacto psicológico do abuso pareceu ser mais grave quando sob as formas de depressão e de pensamentos suicidas. Muitas crianças sentiam que o abusado se tornaria um abusador ou um criminoso. Estes dados tem conseqüências de grande alcance em um país menos industrializado, como o Sri Lanka, embora esta influência seja principalmente um resultado da industrialização urbana.Serões children firam sri Lanka be^tween ^the ages of 5 Ad I I years were assessed for ^the psychological impac^t of violence and abuse, by testing for ^the amount of perceived aggression, ^their coping sãos amd impact of abuse. Results indica^te tha^t the youmger children displayed moreaggression than the older children amd the boys were more aggressive than the girls. Aggression was foremos^t for sexual abuse. The older children s«med to be able to cope better and the grils on the whole were more skilled in copmg tham the boys. The psychological impac^t of abuse seemed ^to bemore severe m the forms of depression amd snicidal thoughts. Mamy children felt that the abnsed would become an abuser or a criminal. I his has reaching consequences m a lesser imdustrialized country like sri ^Lanka, ^though ^the in^fluence is mainly ~m on^tcome of nrbam industriaíization

Intraocular nematode with diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis: case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Live intraocular nematode is a rare occurrence. Nematode can migrate actively within the eye, creating visual symptoms and damaging ocular tissue.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>A 26-year old man presented with painless reduced vision of the left eye for one week duration. It was associated with floaters. Visual acuity on the left eye was hand movement. Anterior segment examination was normal with normal intra-ocular pressure. Fundus examination showed a live nematode lying subretinally at the macular area with macular oedema and multifocal chorioretinal lesions at peripheral retina. There was no vitritis, vasculitis or any retinal hemorrhage. Systemic examination revealed normal findings and laboratory studies only showed leucocytosis with normal eosinophil count and negative serum toxocara antibody. The diagnosis of introcular nematode with diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis was made. He was treated with oral anti-helminths and a course of oral steroid at a reducing dose. The nematode had died evidenced by its immobility during the treatment and finally disintegrated, leaving macular oedema with mottling appearance and mild hyperpigmentation. Multifocal chorioretinal lesions had also resolved. However despite treatment his visual acuity during follow-up had remained poor.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Cases of intraocular nematode, though not commonly encountered, continue to present the ophthalmologist with the problem of diagnosis and management and hence poorer prognosis to the patient.</p

Theory of mind and emotion understanding predict moral development in early childhood

The current study utilized longitudinal data to investigate how theory of mind (ToM) and emotion understanding (EU) concurrently and prospectively predicted young children's moral reasoning and decision making. One hundred twenty-eight children were assessed on measures of ToM and EU at 3.5 and 5.5 years of age. At 5.5 years, children were also assessed on the quality of moral reasoning and decision making they used to negotiate prosocial moral dilemmas, in which the needs of a story protagonist conflict with the needs of another story character. More sophisticated EU predicted greater use of physical- and material-needs reasoning, and a more advanced ToM predicted greater use of psychological-needs reasoning. Most intriguing, ToM and EU jointly predicted greater use of higher-level acceptance-authority reasoning, which is likely a product of children's increasing appreciation for the knowledge held by trusted adults and children's desire to behave in accordance with social expectations.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/79217/1/026151009X483056.pd

In vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Tumor Protease Activity

Increased expression of cathepsins has diagnostic as well as prognostic value in several types of cancer. Here, we demonstrate a novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method, which uses poly-L-glutamate (PLG) as an MRI probe to map cathepsin expression in vivo, in a rat brain tumor model. This noninvasive, high-resolution and non-radioactive method exploits the differences in the CEST signals of PLG in the native form and cathepsin mediated cleaved form. The method was validated in phantoms with known physiological concentrations, in tumor cells and in an animal model of brain tumor along with immunohistochemical analysis. Potential applications in tumor diagnosis and evaluation of therapeutic response are outlined

Automated deep learning segmentation of high-resolution 7 T postmortem MRI for quantitative analysis of structure-pathology correlations in neurodegenerative diseases

Postmortem MRI allows brain anatomy to be examined at high resolution and to link pathology measures with morphometric measurements. However, automated segmentation methods for brain mapping in postmortem MRI are not well developed, primarily due to limited availability of labeled datasets, and heterogeneity in scanner hardware and acquisition protocols. In this work, we present a high resolution of 135 postmortem human brain tissue specimens imaged at 0.3 mm$^{3}$ isotropic using a T2w sequence on a 7T whole-body MRI scanner. We developed a deep learning pipeline to segment the cortical mantle by benchmarking the performance of nine deep neural architectures, followed by post-hoc topological correction. We then segment four subcortical structures (caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, and thalamus), white matter hyperintensities, and the normal appearing white matter. We show generalizing capabilities across whole brain hemispheres in different specimens, and also on unseen images acquired at 0.28 mm^3 and 0.16 mm^3 isotropic T2*w FLASH sequence at 7T. We then compute localized cortical thickness and volumetric measurements across key regions, and link them with semi-quantitative neuropathological ratings. Our code, Jupyter notebooks, and the containerized executables are publicly available at: https://pulkit-khandelwal.github.io/exvivo-brain-upennComment: Preprint submitted to NeuroImage Project website: https://pulkit-khandelwal.github.io/exvivo-brain-upen