Supervised Preference Models: Data and Storage, Methods, and Tools for Application

In this thesis, we present a variety of models commonly known as pairwise comparisons, discrete choice and learning to rank under one paradigm that we call preference models. We discuss these approaches together with the intention to show that these belong to the same family and show a unified notation to express these. We focus on supervised machine learning approaches to predict preferences, present existing approaches and identify gaps in the literature. We discuss reduction and aggregation, a key technique used in this field and identify that there are no existing guidelines for how to create probabilistic aggregations, which is a topic we begin exploring. We also identify that there are no machine learning interfaces in Python that can account well for hosting a variety of types of preference models and giving a seamless user experience when it comes to using commonly recurring concepts in preference models, specifically, reduction, aggregation and compositions of sequential decision making. Therefore, we present our idea of what such software should look like in Python and show the current state of the development of this package which we call skpref

Investigation of the regulation of the CBP20 gene in Arabidopsis

Changes of the activity of antioxidative enzymes (APX, GPX) were investigated in barley roots and leaves during a one day and a one week setting of 0, 100, 500, 1000 μM nickel treatment parallel with the measurement of nickel accumulation in order to elucidate the mechanisms in terms of anitoxidative enzyme activity during the early phase of nickel exposure. We concluded that nickel also cause ROS formation in barely seedlings in the roots and also in the leaves. In the inactivation of ROS both APX and GPX play role although to different extent and for different duration. Moreover APX reacts rapidly to nickel stress, since its activity rises even after three hours of the nickel treatment

SUBRANGE DATA TYPE APPLIED TO DEFINITION OF SUCH VIRTUAL COORDINATE SYSTEMS WHERE THE DOMAINS ARE CONSTRAINED BY GEOMETRIC BOUNDARIES OF EACH OBJECT

Modern dynamic program languages such as ADA, PASCAL, MODULA'2 give us further possibilities to generalize the idea of classical real numbers. There are many applications in GIS where it is not possible to effectively model the invidual values of attributes neither with integer data type (N) nor positive integer numbers (Z). For instance an elevation of object such as attributes could oscillate between lower and upper limits. Those limits are always determined by the information environment. In case of subrange data type the declaration may be the following: high-type = 200 ... 700, where 200 is the lower and 700 is the upper limit within a territory

A hepatocellularis carcinoma előfordulása és kezelésének tanulságai az északkelet-magyarországi régióban | Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and consequent lessons for its management in Northeastern Hungary

Absztrakt Bevezetés: A hepatocellularis carcinoma gyakori, nehezen kezelhető daganat. Célkitűzés: A szerzők áttekintették a májsejtrákkal kapcsolatos ismereteket és értékelték a kezelési eredményeket az északkelet-magyarországi régióban. Módszer: A szerzők intézményében 5 év alatt májsejtrák diagnózissal kezelt betegek adatait retrospektív módon elemezték. Eredmények: Ismert májcirrhosisa 187 beteg közül 71-nek (38%) volt, 52 betegnél (28%) a májcirrhosisra a daganat felismerésekor derült fény. Nem volt májzsugora 15 betegnek (8%), míg erre vonatkozóan 49 betegnél (26%) nem találtak adatot. Etiológiai faktorok az alkoholfogyasztás (52%), a vírushepatitis (41%) és a metabolikus szindróma (valószínűleg nem alkoholos zsírmáj) (44%) voltak. Cirrhosis nélkül kialakult májsejtrák hátterében leggyakrabban nem alkoholos zsírmáj állt. A daganat felismerése 83%-ban előrehaladott stádiumban történt. A túlélést a Barcelona stádium (A vs. B/C vs. D stádium: 829 vs. 387 vs. 137 nap, p<0,001) jelentősen befolyásolta, az etiológia nem (vírus 282, metabolikus szindróma 335 és alkohol 423 nap, p = 0,65). Következtetések: A hepatocellularis carcinoma rossz kimenetelének oka a késői felismerés. A májzsugoros betegek szűrése mellett a májcirrhosis korábbi felismerése szükséges. A metabolikus szindrómások ultrahangos szűrése megfontolandó. A krónikus májbetegség terápiája a túlélést lényegesen befolyásolja. Orv. Hetil., 2016, 157(45), 1793–1801. | Abstract Introduction: The increasing incidence and poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma places huge burden on healthcare. Aim: After reviewing literature on epidemiological trends, risk factors, diagnosis and management options for hepatocellular carcinoma, the authors investigated results of treatment and survival data of patients in Northeastern Hungary. Method: In a retrospective study, the authors analyzed medical records of 187 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (etiology, presence of cirrhosis, stage of the tumor, treatment and disease outcome). Results: Seventy-one patients (38%) had known cirrhosis at the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, while in 52 patients (28%) the presence of cirrhosis was established at the time of the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Fifteen patients (8%) had no cirrhosis and in 49 patients (26%) no data were available regarding cirrhosis. Etiological factors were alcohol consumption (52%), viral hepatitis (41%) and metabolic syndrome (44%). In cases of metabolic syndrome, hepatocellular carcinoma frequently occurred without cirrhosis. In 83% of the cases, the tumor was discovered in an advanced stage. Median survival time was significantly associated with tumor stage (Barcelona A stage vs. B/C vs. D: 829 vs. 387 vs. 137 days, respectively p<0.001) but not with disease etiology (virus 282 days, metabolic syndrome 335 days and alcohol 423 days, p = 0.65). Conclusions: High mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma was mainly attributed to the delayed diagnosis of the disease. Screening of patients with cirrhosis could only result in a partial improvement since in a great proportion cirrhosis was diagnosed simultaneously with the tumor. Screening of diabetic and obese patients by ultrasonography should be considered. Management of baseline liver disease is of importance in the care of hepatocellular carcinoma. Orv. Hetil., 2016, 157(45), 1793–1801

Utility of serological markers in inflammatory bowel diseases: Gadget or magic?

The panel of serologic markers for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is rapidly expanding. Although anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and atypical perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (P-ANCA) remain the most widely investigated, an increasing amount of experimental data is available on newly discovered antibodies directed against various microbial antigens. The role of the assessment of various antibodies in the current IBD diagnostic algorithm is often questionable due to their limited sensitivity. In contrast, the association of serologic markers with disease behavior and phenotype is becoming increasingly well-established. An increasing number of observations confirms that patients with Crohn's disease expressing multiple serologic markers at high titers are more likely to have complicated small bowel disease (e.g. stricture and/or perforation) and are at higher risk for surgery than those without, or with low titers of antibodies. Creating homogenous disease sub-groups based on serologic response may help develop more standardized therapeutic approaches and may help in a better understanding of the pathomechanism of IBD. Further prospective clinical studies are needed to establish the clinical role of serologic tests in IBD

Archeometric Investigation of the Stone Tools of the Vatya Culture (Pest County, Hungary)

With the analysis of the middle Bronze Age (2000–1350 BC) Vatya culture findings in Pest county (Central Hungary) comprising of more than 400 polished stone tools and instrument tools this is the first archaeometric study with such scale in Hungary. In order to characterize petrographically the raw-material of the stone tools macroscopic and microscopic stone analyses were made together with mineralogical and geochemical analyses. In the course of the work a new digital database the Archaeometric Stone Tool Database was established. Based on the results, the material of the instrument stones is mainly sandstone and quartzite that were easy to collect from their source areas. Local volcanics, mostly amphibole containing andesite variations dominated among the material of the polished stone tools. Ophiolites (metamorphic basic rocks, serpentinized basic and ultrabasic rocks) were the raw-material of stone axes that indicate either more distant travels for raw-material or exchange import

Current concept on the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease-crosstalk between genetic and microbial factors: Pathogenic bacteria and altered bacterial sensing or changes in mucosal integrity take "toll"?

The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is only partially understood. Various environmental and host (e.g. genetic-, epithelial-, immune and non-immune) factors are involved. It is a multifactorial polygenic disease with probable genetic heterogeneity. Some genes are associated with IBD itself, while others increase the risk of ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's disease (CD) or are associated with disease location and/or behaviour. This review addresses recent advances in the genetics of IBD. The article discusses the current information on the crosstalk between microbial and genetic factors (e.g. NOD2/CARD15, SLC22A46A5 and DLG5). The genetic data acquired in recent years help in understanding the pathogenesis of IBD and can identify a number of potential targets for therapeutic intervention. In the future, genetics may help more accurately diagnose and predict disease course in IBD