The vascularity of the central nervous system in certain vertebrates

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston UniversityThe literature and various theories regarding the vascularity of the central nervous system are reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the theories of Craigie (bib l iog.), Sterzi (bibliog.), Hofmann (1900, 1901), Beddard (1905), Kappers (bibliog.), Finley (bibliog.) Cobb (1929), Pfeifer (bibliog.), and Duret (bibliog.). The thesis deals with the vascularity of parts of the central nervous system in the Pacific dogfish, ratfish, mudpuppy, Tiger salemander, Leopard frog, New Zealand lizard, Apteryx, Rabbit, and,the albino and wild gray Norway rat

Parqués : an exploration of cultural identity and accessibility of public parks : a comparison between Hispanic and White neighborhood parks in Austin, TX

Public parks are important elements in the community and can play a major factor in community building. They serve as spaces where people interact, exercise, and can be spaces where cultural expression take place. There are numerous studies showing that park accessibility is linked to park proximity, however, accessibility is a multi-faceted word and can be defined in multiple ways. Park accessibility can refer to park distribution, proximity, safety, quality, and size. While the field of City Planning is centered around the notion of creating a just, sustainable, and structured future for cities and its residents, racist undertones have directly impacted the built environment throughout history. Direct and indirect racist ideologies have shaped the development of public space and park planning, park design and distribution. Since environmental justice issues often affect communities of color, the quality, quantity, and types of amenities that are offered at public parks is an important area to investigate. The site chosen for this study is Austin, Texas. Austin has been and is experiencing major population growth, which is increasingly making the city demographically diverse. “The City of Austin has now crossed the threshold of becoming a Majority-Minority city. Put another way, no ethnic or demographic group exists as a majority of the City’s population. The City’s Anglo (non-Hispanic White) share of total population has dropped below 50% and will stay there for the foreseeable future” (COA Website). The methods used in this study were centered around field observations, and mapping utilizing geographic information systems. Mapping park and demographic data allowed me to build a comparative analysis across the eight neighborhood parks that were surveyed. This method was imperative to this research in order to bring forth and understand spatial patterns that may not have been found otherwise. Additionally, photographs of amenities were taken to capture the condition of each amenity. Park observations were conducted to understand how the community uses their neighborhood parks.Community and Regional Plannin

Analysis of Variables for the Suitable Growth of a Latin American City in a Contemporary Context

Occupation in a city involves the process of continuous expansion. The fitness of a territory can be measured as a result of its physical, socioeconomic, and cultural variables. Hence, this is what lays the foundations for a comprehensive growth of human settlements. Also, it provides a setting that allows the social reproduction of its inhabitants beyond their basic needs. The way to predict its expression in the territory results to elements conceived through planning. This planning is conditional on the existing legal framework, and it is expressed during zoning which is exceeded in many cases. This research analyses the characteristics and practices of the planning process which is derived from various considerations in the international arena. It was conducted from a prospective approach to manage the territory with the aim of identifying variables that allows one to understand the dynamics of the physical expansion and growth of the cities. Also, it also opines success stories in order to define the basic components which are articulated in a harmonious and sustainable way

Procedures for Improving Self-report Measurements to Capture Behavior Change: An Illustration

Programs utilizing research-tested evaluation tools can help identify effective educational strategies and document program effectiveness and impact. Using the case of the UF/IFAS Extension Family Nutrition Program (FNP), this article illustrates steps for conducting a rigorous assessment of the measurement properties of evaluation instruments. The Youth Behavior Survey (YBS) was originally developed to measure students’ nutrition and physical activity behaviors before and after an educational intervention. In order to report FNP behavior change data under indicators for the national evaluation framework, the evaluation instrument was revised. The revision included modifying item wording to reflect national indicators and changing response options. The psychometric characteristics of the revised instrument were assessed in comparison to those of the original instrument. The main objective was to examine aspects of content and construct validity for the scores produced by the instruments. The assessment included content validity of the instrument, item discrimination, consistency of relationships in item response patterns, and change between pre-test and post-test scores. We concluded that the scores produced by the revised instrument were modestly more accurate than the original. This research suggests procedures that can be applied widely to evaluating instruments for other educational interventions

Anaerobic digestion of food waste coupled with biogas upgrading in an outdoors algal-bacterial photobioreactor at pilot scale

[EN] This work aimed at integrating the anaerobic digestion of food waste (FW) with photosynthetic biogas upgrading at pilot scale in order to obtain a high quality biomethane and a nutrient-laden algal biomass as the main byproducts from FW treatment. The performance of a 100 L anaerobic digester treating food waste integrated via raw biogas and digestate injection with a 1.2 m2 outdoors high-rate algal pond (HRAP) was evaluated. Biogas production in the digester averaged 790 ± 89 mL g VSin-1 (68 ± 8 L d-1) (35 ◦C, 1 bar) at a loading rate of 0.86 g VS L-1 d-1 and a steady state chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency of 83 ± 7%. The biogas produced (60% CH4 / 39% CO2) was upgraded in a 2.5 L absorption column interconnected with the HRAP via culture broth recirculation at a liquid to biogas ratio of 2, resulting in a maximum CO2 removal efficiency of 90% and a maximum CH4 content of 93.9%. The HRAP, supplied with the centrifuged liquid digestate supplemented with synthetic wastewater (5.0 ± 1.1 L d-1, Total nitrogen (TN) = 793 ± 110 mg N L-1, P-PO43- = 39 ± 19 mg P L-1), supported TN and total phosphorus maximum removal efficiencies of 100% in both cases. Pseudoanabaena sp. and Chlorella vulgaris were identified as the dominant speciesSIEste trabajo contó con el apoyo de la Junta de Castilla y León y EU-FEDER (CLU 2017-09, CL-EI-2021-07, UIC 315). También se reconoce al Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades de España (FJC 2018-038402-I) por la financiación del contrato de investigación Juan de la Cierva-Formación de Lara Ménde

Obtención de biogás y biol como fuente de energía renovable de biodigestores experimentales en el en la UTC extensión La Maná

El presente proyecto tiene dos objetivos principales. El primero de ellos, diseñar, construir y poner en funcionamiento un BIODIGESTOR tubular de bolsa; y el segundo, con fines didácticos, dejar constancia de todo el proceso de construcción y generación de BIOGÁS, para que los estudiantes de la Universidad Técnica De Cotopaxi Extensión La Maná, implementen el biodigestor y lo tomen como punto de partida para futuras investigaciones. Un requisito imprescindible, era la construcción del mismo con materiales locales y utilizando, los recursos tanto técnicos como económicos, con los que contaría un estudiante de la UTC extensión La Maná. El propósito obtener biogás y utilizarla como fuente de energía a través de esta tecnología. De este modo, se desarrolló y se puso en funcionamiento un biodigestor, que requiere una baja inversión de capital, con materiales adquiridos en la región, sin complejidad técnica y que el beneficiario pueda reproducir, controlar y mantener, haciéndola parte de su vida cotidiana. Además del proceso constructivo, se llevaron a cabo, diferentes experimentos y toma de datos, en los laboratorios de la Universidad Técnica De Cotopaxi Extensión La Maná y en las inmediaciones del biodigestor, con el objetivo de conseguir la máxima EFICIENCIA en la etapa inicial de producción de gas y de aportar datos empíricos recogidos durante el proceso de digestión. A demás del aprovechamiento del POTENCIAL ENERGÉTICO de la materia orgánica para obtener biogás a través de un biodigestor se obtiene BIOL como desecho el cual es un fertilizante que aportara en el desarrollo agrícola del sector

The close limit from a null point of view: the advanced solution

We present a characteristic algorithm for computing the perturbation of a Schwarzschild spacetime by means of solving the Teukolsky equation. We implement the algorithm as a characteristic evolution code and apply it to compute the advanced solution to a black hole collision in the close approximation. The code successfully tracks the initial burst and quasinormal decay of a black hole perturbation through 10 orders of magnitude and tracks the final power law decay through an additional 6 orders of magnitude. Determination of the advanced solution, in which ingoing radiation is absorbed by the black hole but no outgoing radiation is emitted, is the first stage of a two stage approach to determining the retarded solution, which provides the close approximation waveform with the physically appropriate boundary condition of no ingoing radiation.Comment: Revised version, published in Phys. Rev. D, 34 pages, 13 figures, RevTe

Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial

Background: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists differ in chemical structure, duration of action, and in their effects on clinical outcomes. The cardiovascular effects of once-weekly albiglutide in type 2 diabetes are unknown. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of albiglutide in preventing cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Methods: We did a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 610 sites across 28 countries. We randomly assigned patients aged 40 years and older with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (at a 1:1 ratio) to groups that either received a subcutaneous injection of albiglutide (30–50 mg, based on glycaemic response and tolerability) or of a matched volume of placebo once a week, in addition to their standard care. Investigators used an interactive voice or web response system to obtain treatment assignment, and patients and all study investigators were masked to their treatment allocation. We hypothesised that albiglutide would be non-inferior to placebo for the primary outcome of the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, which was assessed in the intention-to-treat population. If non-inferiority was confirmed by an upper limit of the 95% CI for a hazard ratio of less than 1·30, closed testing for superiority was prespecified. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02465515. Findings: Patients were screened between July 1, 2015, and Nov 24, 2016. 10 793 patients were screened and 9463 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to groups: 4731 patients were assigned to receive albiglutide and 4732 patients to receive placebo. On Nov 8, 2017, it was determined that 611 primary endpoints and a median follow-up of at least 1·5 years had accrued, and participants returned for a final visit and discontinuation from study treatment; the last patient visit was on March 12, 2018. These 9463 patients, the intention-to-treat population, were evaluated for a median duration of 1·6 years and were assessed for the primary outcome. The primary composite outcome occurred in 338 (7%) of 4731 patients at an incidence rate of 4·6 events per 100 person-years in the albiglutide group and in 428 (9%) of 4732 patients at an incidence rate of 5·9 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·78, 95% CI 0·68–0·90), which indicated that albiglutide was superior to placebo (p<0·0001 for non-inferiority; p=0·0006 for superiority). The incidence of acute pancreatitis (ten patients in the albiglutide group and seven patients in the placebo group), pancreatic cancer (six patients in the albiglutide group and five patients in the placebo group), medullary thyroid carcinoma (zero patients in both groups), and other serious adverse events did not differ between the two groups. There were three (<1%) deaths in the placebo group that were assessed by investigators, who were masked to study drug assignment, to be treatment-related and two (<1%) deaths in the albiglutide group. Interpretation: In patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, albiglutide was superior to placebo with respect to major adverse cardiovascular events. Evidence-based glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists should therefore be considered as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Funding: GlaxoSmithKline