Reduction of a-tocopherylquinone Model Compound With Various Reductant

In order to study the possibility of tranformation of a-tocopherylquinone (TQ) into a more oxidiseable compound and also to find out the recycling effect in the cells, an experiment was conducted by reducing the model compound 2-(3- hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-3,5,6-trimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (PQ) with various reductants. In the experiment it was shown that glutathione did not reduce PQ,nor NADH by itself, so the effective reductant in the NADH/FAD combination must have been FADH2. Thus there is a probability that in a biological system, the most probable reductant for TQ would be a flavin enzyme rather that ascorbic acid or glutathione. The non-physiological dithiothreitol was as effective as NADH/ FAD which is interesting because of its similarity to the physiologically important reduced lipoic acid. The reactivity of the various reductants used in this experiment decrease in the order of dithiothreitol ~ NADH/FAD (8/10) > sodium dithionite > NADH/FAD (2:10) > sodium ascorbate > ascorbic acid (Fig.8)

ELIMINATION OF CADMIUM AND LEAD MIXTURE IN SOLUTION BY PRETREATED RICE STRAW AND HUSK

An experiment on the activity of pretreated rice straw and husk in eliminating heavy metals from solution has been conducted. The rice straw and husk were soaked in 3% NaOH solution, drained and then washed with demineralised water until the washing became neutral (the results were referred to as straw and husk). The pretreated rice straw and husk (straw and husk) were mixed (stirring and without stirring) separately with Cd and Pb solution in time series. It was found that Cd was adsorbed more than Pb and straw was more active than husk. On the other hand, the stirring process and time series did not give much effect on straw, while the activity of husk increased with the increase of time period

STUDI PENDAHULUAN KEMAMPUAN SEKAM DAN JERAMI PADI YANG TELAH DIOLAH DENGAN BERBAGAI KONSENTRASI LARUTAN NaOH UNTUK MENJERAP Cd DAN Pb

In order to find a method and cheaper materials to eliminate or reduce the polution of heavy metals in water, a research using husk and straw to adsorb heavy metals had been conducted. In the previous studies husk has been used to adsorb heavy metals Cd and Pb. In this study husk and straw is used after pretreatment with 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% NaOH solutions. Treatment of straw with 2% NaOH solution and with 1 hour soaking showed the highest activity in Cd adsorbtion, however, with the increase of the concentration of straw from 1% ke 3% the increase in the adsorption is only around 2%; while when straw was treated with NaOH 3%, the increase of % adsorbed of Cd is very high in line with the rise of concentration of straw from 1% to 3% using soaking time 1 and 4 hours. Husk in general showed a lower adsorption activity on Cd and also Pb compared to straw, especially when treated with NaOH 1% dan 2% solutions. The highest % adsorption for Pb is obtained from 3% and 4% straw treated with NaOH 3% dan 4% solutions regardless of the soaking time, whereas for Cd it can also be obtained from 4% straw treated with NaOH 3% dan 4% solutions and was soaked for 4 hours

PEROLEHAN KEMBALI LOGAM PERAK DARI LIMBAH CAIR PENCUCIAN FILM STUDIO DIBANDING FILM X-RAY DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE SN FLAKE

As the development in the photographic field is going very fast, so is the problem in the liquid waste of the process. Usually the liquid waste is just thrown away in the environment without undergoing a waste teratment, while the maximum amount of silver allowed in clean water is 0.05 mg/L. In this study, the content of silver in the hotografic waste is between 2944.53 mg/L to 6120.29 mg/L. To eliminate this high content of silver an experiment using a traditional methode of silver recovery is conducted. The methode is known as SN flake methode using sodium sulphide to precipitate the silver in the waste as silver sulphide, then taking the Ag off the presipitate using zinc metal, borax and potassium aluminium sulphate, and heat it in a ‘koi’ using a blower furnace at 900oC. Around 60 gram of silver can be collected from every 20 L of waste, with the yield of 71.26% - 84.37% and the purity is 64.90%. The silver left in the filtrate after treatment is still high, ie. 1.59 mg/l – 22.90 mg/L. Using this methode can cause a secondary waste problem because of waste material in the koi, and also a high risk for the workers due to the high heat and the gas produced in the process of heating. It is advisable to try another methode such as electrochemistry to recover more silver with lesser risk of side contamination, and safer for the workers. To analyse the silver concentration an Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrophotometer is used

The Antimicrobial Activities of The Extracts of Red Fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam.) Pre-dried by Détente Instantanée Contrôlée (DIC)

Red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam.) is an indigenous plant from Papua Province, Indonesia. Local communities believed that fruit of P. conoideus Lam. can treat several degenerative diseases such as cancer, arteriosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and stroke. DIC is a high-steam pressure treatment, is also categorized as a HTST (High Temperature Short Time) process. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of the etanolic and the hexane extract of red fruit pre-treated and untreated by DIC, and the red fruit oil are observed. The red fruit oil and all the ethanolic extract obtained from the red fruit powder pre-treated and untreated by DIC do not show an inhibitory activity toward Escherichia coli and Staphyloccoccus aureus. Also, the hexane extract from DIC pre-treatment does not show an inhibitory activity toward Escherichia coli and Staphyloccoccus aureus, whereas that of the untreated shows an inhibitory activity, but is not as potent as amoxicillin. Keywords: Dètente Instantanée Côntrolée, pre-drying, Red Fruit (Pandanus conoideus), antimicrobia

Studi Kandungan Logam Berat Dalam Daging Ikan Dari Tambak yang Dekat dan Yang Jauh dari Daerah Industri

Water pollution lately is often becomes an important topic due to its correlation with health. Heavy metals that accumulated in human body mostly come from food. One kind of food that used to be contaminated by heavy metals is fish. Therefore it is interesting to study the heavy metals content in fish, whether it comes from industrial contaminated water. Study on the content of heavy metals Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in ponds near and far from industrial areas has been conducted. The chosen areas were one from sidoarjo area and one from Babat area, both are located in East Java. Samples were the meat of fish called tilapia (from Sidoarjo area), and milkfish and goldfish (from Babat area), also the water and mud from the ponds. Analytical method was wet destruction. Measurement of heavy metals content was done by Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer (ICPS). In Babat area's pond water was not found neither Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn, while Zn was detected in Sidoarjo area's, however, it was under the limit of detection. The Nud of both ponds contained Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn. The Goldfish contained only Cu and Zn, whereas the tilapia and milkfish contained Cu, Pb and Zn, however the metals content were not exceeded the maximum limit stated in the PPOM regulation No. 03725/B/SK/VII/8

Screening Variables in Reducing the Brown Color from the Filtrate of Heavy Metal’s Elimination

Heavy metals contamination is a major concern in the world, and also is in Indonesia. Manyattempts have been done to reduce or even eliminate it from the environment, among other ways theuse of agriculture waste, such as rice straw. Why use rice straw? Because it is available abundantly.Many studies showed that rice straw could adsorb heavy metals from polluted water, and it is cheap.The drawback of rice straw is the color of the filtrate is brown, so that it cannot be used for everydayor household purposes. An attempt using enzyme has been tried to reduce the brown color and it didreduce the brown color. Enzyme L-α-arabino-furanosidase is used in this study. However, as there aremany variables used in the experiments, before optimization can be conducted, a screening needs to becarried out first. Type of enzyme (optimum temperature of 50oC and 70oC), incubation time and amountof enzyme, number time of washing, water for washing, place of the rice plantation (high land and lowland), and size of straw, are the variables that need to be screened. The variables that gives the highestresponse in this study were enzyme-50, amount of enzyme : straw = 2 : 1 (10 ml of enzyme for each 5g of straw), 1 hour incubation time, amount of washing : 5 x 5 ml, place of plant: low land, and size ofstraw: ground. As for the type of washing liquid, both either demineralised water or Pb solution were thesame. However, the variables are still need to be reduced, and the experiment/study will be continuedto optimize the reduced variables

Studi Kandungan Logam Pb Dalam Batang dan Daun Kangkung (Ipomoea Reptans) Yang Direbus Dengan Penambahan NaCL dan Asam Asetat.

Study on The Content of Pb in Twigs And Leaves of Kangkung (Ipomoea reptans Poir) Boiled With The Addition of NaCI And Acetic Acid. Kangkung is a kind of favorable vegetables that used to grow near a river, and is cultivated and watered with water from the river. If the river is polluted by heavy metals, there is a risk that the plant is contaminated too. A study on the content of Pb in kangkung planted in Pb contaminated media has been conducted, and it was proven that Pb was found in the plant. Land kangkung (Ipomoea reptans) was used as sample, and was planted in hydrophonic media, and watered with Multigrow Complete Plant Food (2000 mg/L) and Pb solution (2 mg/L) twice a day. Samples were taken based on the age of 54 days, then the twigs and leaves were boiled in different ways: I. Boiled with no addition, II Boiled with addition of NaCl , and III,Boiled with addition of acetic acid. IV. Unboiled sample as the control. Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer (ICPS) Fison 3410+ was used to measure the Pb content. It was shown that boiling the kangkung reduced the Pb content in the leaves as well as in the twigs; however, the acetic acid addition showed the least effect. In the leaves the three different ways of boiling did not show significant different, while in twigs the different was significant

Komposisi Makanan Ringan Berbahan Dasar Kacang Tanah yang Rendah Lemak dan Diperkaya Dengan Kalsium

Kacang merupakan salah satu produk makanan yang banyak digemari orang dari segala lapisan masyarakat maupun usia. Menurut keterangan salah satu produsen kacang, yang paling banyak digemari adalah kacang dengan ukuran kecil, seperti kacang madura, Namun saat ini sulit untuk mendapatkan kacang dengan ukuran butiran kecil. Demikian pula kacang yang diolah dengan cara digoreng atau dibuat kacang atom dan sejenisnya, relatif sulit dikunyah apalagibagi anak-anak yang giginya belum tumbuh sempurna maupun orang lanjut usia yang giginya tidak lengkap atau menggunakan gigi palsu. Selain itu kacang juga mengandung lemak dengan kadar cukup tinggi yang merupakan hambatan untuk mereka yang harus berdiet rendah lemak. Permasalahan yang dihadapi adalah bagaimana membuat produk makanan kecil dari kacang yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan atau selera bagi usia muda maupun tua. Telah ditemukan produk kacang yang rendah lemak, dan diperkaya dengan kalsium dan tetap memiliki rasa kacang atau dibuat dengan menambahkan berbagai macam 'flavourng agent' sebagai penambah rasa aroma