Monitoring and Evaluation System in Education: An Overview of Elementary Schools

This research study aims to discuss and analyse the current monitoring and evaluation practices at elementary schools in Punjab. The main objective of this study was to know the usefulness of monitoring and evaluation system and to investigate how the teachers and administrators perceive school effectiveness through monitoring and evaluation system. This study is helpful for the educational leaders to know the advantages and disadvantages of monitoring system. Elementary school teachers (4013) of district Bahawalnagar were the population of this study. The sample of the study was selected by using multistage sampling technique. A thorough review of literature was carried out to develop relevant data collection tools. A questionnaire with five-point Likert scale was developed to record the responses of the participants of the study. The questionnaire was constructed with the statements about determinants for monitoring and evaluation in system of education at elementary school level. Quantitative data was collected and analysed using descriptive statistics e.g., mean, and standard deviation through computer software SPSS-21. A questionnaire comprised of 19 statements including two objectives was devised as a research tool. The findings and conclusion of the study related to effectiveness found that monitoring system for the evaluation of the schools is working partly. The analysis of the data revealed that the monitoring and evaluation system is helpful in enhancing total school performance. However, still there are some gaps in the system which needs to be plugged in. The participants proposed to revise the mechanism of monitoring

Formulation Development of Mirtazapine Liquisolid Compacts: Optimization Using Central Composite Design

Mirtazapine is a tetracyclic anti-depressant with poor water solubility. The aim of this study was to improve the dissolution rate of mirtazapine by delivering the drug as a liquisolid compact. Central composite design (CCD) was employed for the preparation of mirtazapine liquisolid compacts. In this, the impacts of two independent factors, i.e., excipient ratio (carrier:coating) and different drug concentration on the response of liquisolid system were optimized. Liquisolid compacts were prepared using propylene glycol as a solvent, microcrystalline cellulose as a carrier, and silicon dioxide (Aerosil) as the coating material. The crystallinity of the formulated drug and the interactions between the excipients were examined using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The dissolution study for the liquisolid compact was carried out as per FDA guidelines. The results showed loss of crystallinity of the mirtazapine in the formulation and was completely solubilized in non-volatile solvent and equally dispersed throughout the powder system. Moreover, drug dissolution was found to be higher in liquisolid compacts than the direct compressed conventional tablets (of mirtazapine). The liquisolid technique appears to be a promising approach for improving the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs like mirtazapine