A Review of Biotechnological Artemisinin Production in Plants

Malaria is still an eminent threat to major parts of the world population mainly in sub-Saharan Africa. Researchers around the world continuously seek novel solutions to either eliminate or treat the disease. Artemisinin, isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb Artemisia annua, is the active ingredient in artemisinin-based combination therapies used to treat the disease. However, naturally artemisinin is produced in small quantities, which leads to a shortage of global supply. Due to its complex structure, it is difficult chemically synthesize. Thus to date, A. annua remains as the main commercial source of artemisinin. Current advances in genetic and metabolic engineering drives to more diverse approaches and developments on improving in planta production of artemisinin, both in A. annua and in other plants. In this review, we describe efforts in bioengineering to obtain a higher production of artemisinin in A. annua and stable heterologous in planta systems. The current progress and advancements provides hope for significantly improved production in plants

Quantum Logic Network for Probabilistic Teleportation of Two-Particle State of General Form

A simplification scheme of probabilistic teleportation of two-particle state of general form is given. By means of the primitive operations consisting of single-qubit gates, two-qubit controlled-not gates, Von Neumann measurement and classically controlled operations, we construct an efficient quantum logical network for implementing the new scheme of probabilistic teleportation of a two-particle state of general form.Comment: 9 pages, 2 figure

GPU accelerated shake and rattle algorithms for systems with holonomic constraints

The dynamic of complex fluid can be described by including viscoelastic stress tensor into the equation of Non-Newtonian fluid. Different models are used to evaluate the stress tensor at various levels, with the multi-scale model being the most effective

Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Analysis on Thrust Vectoring of a Supersonic Micro Nozzle using Bypass Mass Injection

Converging diverging micro nozzle is fundamentally intended for flow acceleration through the generation of kinetic energy for the advanced micro-propulsion systems. Such supersonic micro nozzles have significant applications in the launching, propulsion and rapid directional control of the micro-satellites for a better maneuver. Micro scale analysis of such flow devices is extended to the rarefied flow regime. Present study has addressed thrust vectoring in a planar converging-diverging supersonic micro nozzle by the bypass mass injection technique. Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method has been used for numerical modelling. Primary focus is given on the thrust vectoring control of the micro nozzle with a throat height of 20 micro meter and an expansion ratio of 1.7. For the secondary injection, a rectangular channel of 5 different bypass widths (2 - 12 micro meter) is considered for two different outlet pressures (Pout = 10 kPa and 40 kPa) while keeping the inlet pressure (Pin) and temperature (Tin) fixed at 1 atm and 300 k respectively. The physical behavior of the micro nozzle is acknowledged through the analysis of Mach, pressure, temperature and density contours. Numerical results reveal that the secondary flow injection is adapted into the primary flow through the formation of a pressure bump in the diverging section. Moreover, the total mass flow rate, secondary flow percentage, thrust force, the thrust coefficient and specific impulse increase with the bypass channel width. A change in thrust direction is obtained which in turn produces a considerable vectoring effect in the supersonic micro nozzle. The vectoring angle for Pout of 40 kPa peaks at 6 micro meter bypass channel whereas a gradual increase of the vectoring angle with the bypass channel width is observed for Pout = 10 kPa.Comment: Journal paper and it's under revie

GPU accelerated shake and rattle algorithms for systems with holonomic constraints

The dynamic of complex fluid can be described by including viscoelastic stress tensor into the equation of Non-Newtonian fluid. Different models are used to evaluate the stress tensor at various levels, with the multi-scale model being the most effective

Generation of Entangled N-Photon States in a Two-Mode Jaynes-Cummings Model

We describe a mathematical solution for the generation of entangled N-photon states in two field modes. A simple and compact solution is presented for a two-mode Jaynes-Cummings model by combining the two field modes in a way that only one of the two resulting quasi-modes enters in the interaction term. The formalism developed is then applied to calculate various generation probabilities analytically. We show that entanglement, starting from an initial field and an atom in one defined state may be obtained in a single step. We also show that entanglement may be built up in the case of an empty cavity and excited atoms whose final states are detected, as well as in the case when the final states of the initially excited atoms are not detected.Comment: v2: 5 pages, RevTeX4, minor text changes + 1 figure added, revised version to be published in PRA, May 200

Engineering Entanglement between two cavity modes

We present scheme for generation of entanglement between different modes of radiation field inside high-Q superconducting cavities. Our scheme is based on the interaction of a three-level atom with the cavity field for pre-calculated interaction times with each mode. This work enables us to generate complete set of Bell basis states and GHZ state

Telomere Length and the Risk of Alzheimer's Disease: The Rotterdam Study

There is a wide interest in biomarkers that capture the burden of detrimental factors as these accumulate with the passage of time, i.e., increasing age. Telomere length has received considerable attention as such a marker, because it is easily quantified and it may aid in disentangling the etiology of dementia or serve as predictive marker. We determined the association of telomere length with risk of Alzheimer's disease and all-cause dementia in a population-based setting. Within the Rotterdam Study, we performed quantitative PCR to measure mean leukocyte telomere length in blood. We determined the association of telomere length with risk of Alzheimer's disease until 2016, using Cox regression models. Of 1,961 participants (mean age 71.4±9.3 years, 57.1% women) with a median follow-up of 8.3 years, 237 individuals were diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. We found a U-shaped associa