О значении теории алгоритмов для системы современного профессионального образования и методики ее преподавания

The article explores the role and relevance of the theory of algorithms in the fundamentalization of mathematical education of specialists in the fi of computer science and information technology, trained at vocational schools and higher institutions. In this case, the theory of algorithms appears in two fi the fi fi assumes theory of specifi algorithms (or intuitively-containing theory of algorithms) whereas the second one implies a formal-logical (abstract) theory of algorithms. In the fi case, the theory of algorithms explores algorithms as means for solving specifi problems, and the problem of developing this kind of algorithm is seen as the basic one. This algorithm should be implemented by a modern computer in real time. The second problem assumes comparing different specifi algorithms for solving the same problem in terms of their complexity, mainly in terms of the time required to solve the problem. Due to this fact, the classes of complexity of algorithms P and NP appear followed by the problem of relationships between these classes. These problems are not solved until now. In the second case, the theory of algorithms creates mathematical (abstract) concepts of the algorithm and explores the properties of these concepts. In the 30s and the fi postwar years of the XX century, several abstract concepts of the algorithm, or formalizations of the intuitive understanding of the algorithm, were developed. This is a Turing machine, recursive functions as functions computable by some algorithm, normal algorithms of A. A. Markov. The abstract theory of algorithms establishes the equivalence of these abstract con cepts. The problem of these algorithms existing is seen as the most important one. In particular, the abstract theory of algorithms establishes the absence of algorithms for solving a number of mass problems. This paper describes a methodological system of teaching algorithm theory, taking into ac­count its two intuitive and abstract fields.Статья посвящена выявлению роли и значения теории алгоритмов в фундаментализации математического образования специалистов в области компьютерных наук и информационных технологий, обучающихся в образовательных учреждениях СПО и ВО. При этом теория алгоритмов предстает в двух своих ипостасях: как теория конкретных алгоритмов (или интуитивно-содержательная теория алгоритмов) и как формально-логическая (абстрактная) теория алгоритмов. В первом случае теория алгоритмов занимается созданием и изучением алгоритмов решения конкретных задач, и главной проблемой здесь является проблема разработки такого конкретного алгоритма, который может быть реализован современным компьютером в реальное время, а также проблема сравнения различных конкретных алгоритмов решения одной и той же задачи по степени их сложности, в основном по времени, требуемом для решения задачи. В связи с этим возникают классы сложности алгоритмов P и NP, а вместе с ними и проблема взаимоотношений между этими классами, не решенная до конца до настоящего времени. Во втором случае теория алгоритмов создает строго математические (абстрактные) понятия алгоритма и изучает свойства таких понятий. В 1930-е годы и первые послевоенные годы было разработано несколько абстрактных понятий алгоритма или, как говорят, формализаций интуитивного понимания алгоритма. Это машины Тьюринга и вычислимые с их помощью функции, рекурсивные функции как функции вычислимые с помощью некоторого алгоритма, нормальные алгоритмы А. А. Маркова и вычислимые с их помощью функции. Абстрактная теория алгоритмов устанавливает эквивалентность этих абстрактных понятий. Важнейшей проблемой здесь является также проблема существования таких алгоритмов для решения той или иной массовой проблемы. В частности, абстрактная теория алгоритмов устанавливает отсутствие алгоритмов для решения ряда массовых проблем. В нашей работе характеризуется методическая система обучения теории алгоритмов, учитывающая эти две ее ипостаси: интуитивно-содержательную и абстрактную

КУРС МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКОЙ ЛОГИКИ В СИСТЕМЕ СРЕДНЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

The article focuses on the role of the module on Mathematical logics in fundamentalization of mathematical education of specialists in the field of computer science and information technology who get vocational education. Enormous applied capacities of mathematical logics were revealed only after more than two centuries of this science development in close relation with mathematics development. The author offers to arrange training of Mathematical logics taking into account two sides of the science as with those two sides. These sides imply a theoretical science as a science about the ways and forms of correct thinking and applied science as a tool for designing computers and creating software for them. This approach can be based on the student book prepared by the author of the article “Elements of mathematical logics”.Статья посвящена выявлению роли курса математической логики в фундаментализации математического образования специалистов в сфере компьютерных наук и информационных технологий, обучающихся в образовательных учреждениях СПО. Колоссальные прикладные возможности математической логики проявились лишь по прошествии двух с лишним тысячелетий развития этой науки в тесном союзе с развитием математики. Предлагается организовать обучение математической логике с учетом этих двух ее сторон– теоретической как науки о способах и формах правильного мышления и прикладной как инструмента для конструирования компьютеров и создания программного обеспечения к ним. Основой для такого образовательного подхода может послужить только что вышедший учебник автора «Элементы математической логики»

Training and methodological support to the process of future teachers' readiness formation to implement the younger generation civic education

© The authors. The relevance of this problem study is due to the fact that main disadvantage of many manuals and textbooks in teachers training high schools is the lack of definition and solution of civic education problems, as well as undeveloped effective, methodologically competent, comprehensive system of civil education of the younger generation. In this regard, this article is aimed at the development of training and methodological support to the process of future teachers' readiness formation for the younger generation civil education implementation. A leading approach to this problem study is a systematic approach aimed at interdependence and interdependence ensuring in the development of civil meaningful personal and professional qualities of students. The article presents the structure and content of training and methodological support to the process of future teachers' readiness formation to implement the students' civic education, consisting of a comprehensive curriculum, of special course "Civic education of the younger generation" and diagnostic tools to assess the levels of future teachers' readiness formation for the younger generation civil education implementation. The article can be used in the system of retraining and advanced training of teachers and in education process of teachers training high schools and pedagogical colleges

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN POLYMORPHISMS IN GENES ENCODING 2′-5′-OLIGOADENYLATE SYNTHETASES AND THE HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE UPON VACCINATION AGAINST TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS

Vaccination forms active immunity and represents an effective way of preventing tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). However, excessive vaccination is unjustified in terms of economics and medical ethics. One of the individualized approaches to vaccines is the selection of vaccine doses depending on the expected levels of immune response. Therefore, there is a need for new methods for assessing potential human immune responses prior to vaccination. The aim of this study was to determine possible association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located within OAS2 and OAS3 genes, which have been previously associated with the development of severe forms of TBE, and the formation of antibodies and cytokines upon vaccination against TBE. The study involved 97 volunteers of both sexes who had not previously been vaccinated against TBE and had no contact with ticks. Venous blood samples were collected one month after vaccination against TBE using the EnceVir vaccine. Levels of specific IgG antibodies against tick-borne encephalitis virus and interleukin 4 (IL-4) were analyzed. Genomic DNA samples were genotyped for the SNPs rs2285932, rs2072136, rs1293762, rs15895 and rs1732778 in genes encoding 2’-5’-oligoadenylate synthetases OAS2 and OAS3. Antibody production in response to vaccine administration was significantly associated with SNP rs1732778 in the regulatory region of the OAS2 gene. This indicator was significantly higher in people with heterozygous genotypes G/A as compared to people with homozygous genotypes G/G and A/A. Carriers of the A allele (G/A or A/A genotypes) of the same SNP had reduced IL-4 levels as compared to the homozygous G/G individuals. Thus, the data obtained indicate that SNP rs1732778 in the regulatory region of the OAS2 gene correlates with the formation of antiviral IgG antibodies and changes in IL-4 levels upon vaccination. Evidently, the genetic polymorphism in OAS2 gene should be considered when performing individualized TBE vaccinations

Active Brownian Particles. From Individual to Collective Stochastic Dynamics

We review theoretical models of individual motility as well as collective dynamics and pattern formation of active particles. We focus on simple models of active dynamics with a particular emphasis on nonlinear and stochastic dynamics of such self-propelled entities in the framework of statistical mechanics. Examples of such active units in complex physico-chemical and biological systems are chemically powered nano-rods, localized patterns in reaction-diffusion system, motile cells or macroscopic animals. Based on the description of individual motion of point-like active particles by stochastic differential equations, we discuss different velocity-dependent friction functions, the impact of various types of fluctuations and calculate characteristic observables such as stationary velocity distributions or diffusion coefficients. Finally, we consider not only the free and confined individual active dynamics but also different types of interaction between active particles. The resulting collective dynamical behavior of large assemblies and aggregates of active units is discussed and an overview over some recent results on spatiotemporal pattern formation in such systems is given.Comment: 161 pages, Review, Eur Phys J Special-Topics, accepte

Genome-wide association study and scan for signatures of selection point to candidate genes for body temperature maintenance under the cold stress in Siberian cattle populations

Design of new highly productive livestock breeds, well-adapted to local climatic conditions is one of the aims of modern agriculture and breeding. The genetics underlying economically important traits in cattle are widely studied, whereas our knowledge of the genetic mechanisms of adaptation to local environments is still scarce. To address this issue for cold climates we used an integrated approach for detecting genomic intervals related to body temperature maintenance under acute cold stress. Our approach combined genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and scans for signatures of selection applied to a cattle population (Hereford and Kazakh Whiteheaded beef breeds) bred in Siberia. We utilized the GGP HD150K DNA chip containing 139,376 single nucleotide polymorphism markers

A Bacterial Ras-Like Small GTP-Binding Protein and Its Cognate GAP Establish a Dynamic Spatial Polarity Axis to Control Directed Motility

Directional control of bacterial motility is regulated by dynamic polarity inversions driven by pole-to-pole oscillation of a Ras family small G-protein and its associated GTPase-activating protein

The scandium effect in multicomponent alloys

Despite its excellent elemental properties, lightweight nature and good alloying potential, scandium has received relatively little attention in the manufacturing community. The abundance of scandium in the Earth's crust is quite high. It is more abundant than silver, cobalt, lead and tin. But, because scandium is so well dispersed in the lithosphere, it is notoriously difficult to extract in commercial quantities – hence low market availability and high cost. Scandium metallurgy is still a largely unexplored field – but progress is being made. This review aims to summarise advances in scandium metallurgical research over the last decade. The use of scandium as a conventional minor addition to alloys, largely in structural applications, is described. Also, more futuristic functional applications are discussed where details of crystal structures and peculiar symmetries are often of major importance. This review also includes data obtained from more obscure sources (especially Russian publications) which are much less accessible to the wider community. It is clear that more fundamental research is required to elevate the status of scandium from a laboratory-based curiosity to a mainstream alloying element. This is largely uncharted territory. There is much to be discovered

Memory in Microbes: Quantifying History-Dependent Behavior in a Bacterium

Memory is usually associated with higher organisms rather than bacteria. However, evidence is mounting that many regulatory networks within bacteria are capable of complex dynamics and multi-stable behaviors that have been linked to memory in other systems. Moreover, it is recognized that bacteria that have experienced different environmental histories may respond differently to current conditions. These “memory” effects may be more than incidental to the regulatory mechanisms controlling acclimation or to the status of the metabolic stores. Rather, they may be regulated by the cell and confer fitness to the organism in the evolutionary game it participates in. Here, we propose that history-dependent behavior is a potentially important manifestation of memory, worth classifying and quantifying. To this end, we develop an information-theory based conceptual framework for measuring both the persistence of memory in microbes and the amount of information about the past encoded in history-dependent dynamics. This method produces a phenomenological measure of cellular memory without regard to the specific cellular mechanisms encoding it. We then apply this framework to a strain of Bacillus subtilis engineered to report on commitment to sporulation and degradative enzyme (AprE) synthesis and estimate the capacity of these systems and growth dynamics to ‘remember’ 10 distinct cell histories prior to application of a common stressor. The analysis suggests that B. subtilis remembers, both in short and long term, aspects of its cell history, and that this memory is distributed differently among the observables. While this study does not examine the mechanistic bases for memory, it presents a framework for quantifying memory in cellular behaviors and is thus a starting point for studying new questions about cellular regulation and evolutionary strategy