Survival and Extinction in Cyclic and Neutral Three--Species Systems

We study the ABC model (A + B --> 2B, B + C --> 2C, C + A --> 2A), and its counterpart: the three--component neutral drift model (A + B --> 2A or 2B, B + C --> 2B or 2C, C + A --> 2C or 2A.) In the former case, the mean field approximation exhibits cyclic behaviour with an amplitude determined by the initial condition. When stochastic phenomena are taken into account the amplitude of oscillations will drift and eventually one and then two of the three species will become extinct. The second model remains stationary for all initial conditions in the mean field approximation, and drifts when stochastic phenomena are considered. We analyzed the distribution of first extinction times of both models by simulations and from the point of view of the Fokker-Planck equation. Survival probability vs. time plots suggest an exponential decay. For the neutral model the extinction rate is inversely proportional to the system size, while the cyclic model exhibits anomalous behaviour for small system sizes. In the large system size limit the extinction times for both models will be the same. This result is compatible with the smallest eigenvalue obtained from the numerical solution of the Fokker-Planck equation. We also studied the long--time behaviour of the probability distribution. The exponential decay is found to be robust against certain changes, such as the three reactions having different rates.Comment: 19 pages, 11 figures Final versio

Crossover Behaviour of 3-Species Systems with Mutations or Migrations

We study the ABC model in the cyclic competition and neutral drift versions, with mutations and migrations introduced into the model. When stochastic phenomena are taken into account, there are three distinct regimes in the model. (i) In the "fixation" regime, the first extinction time scales with the system size N and has an exponential distribution, with an exponent that depends on the mutation/migration probability per particle. (ii) In the "diversity" regime, the order parameter remains nonzero for very long times, and becomes zero only rarely, almost never for large system sizes. (iii) In the critical regime, the first extinction time has a power-law distribution with exponent -1. The transition corresponds to a crossover from diffusive behaviour to Gaussian fluctuations about a stable solution. The analytical results are checked against computer simulations of the model.Comment: 2nd version revised and refereed 14 pages, 5 figure

ANALISIS MUSIK BIOLA TAK BERDAWAI: OPENING CIPTAAN ADDIE M.S. DALAM FILM BIOLA TAK BERDAWAI

Skripsi ini berjudul “Analisis Musik Biola Tak Berdawai: Opening Ciptaan Addie M.S. dalam Film Biola Tak Berdawai”.Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui ide dasar garap dan pengolahan penggunaan laras gamelan pada karya Biola Tak Berdawai: Opening.Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif analisis. Data dikumpulkan dengan cara teknik observasi, wawancara, studi dokumentasi dan studi literatur. Semua data yang terkumpul diolah melalui teknik reduksi data, penyajian data, verifikasi kesimpulan. Hasil temuan penelitian ini adalah meskipun inspirasi komponis adalah warna lokal musik Jawa namun pengolahan dengan sistem well-tempered membuat karya lebih dekat dengan warna lokal musik Sunda. Rasa tonal karya terasa lebih dominan dibanding rasa laras karena interaksi komponis yang juga lebih dominan dengan musik tonal dibanding dengan musik karawitan. Kata kunci: laras gamelan, warna lokal, musik dalam film, orkestra. The Study of the tesis entitled “Analisis Musik Biola Tak Berdawai Ciptaan Addie M.S.dalamFilm Biola Tak Berdawai” is to determine the basic idea and working process using laras gamelan in Biola Tak Berdawai: Opening. The method used in the study is qualitative method with descriptive analytical approach. Data were collected by observations, interviews, documentations study and literatures study. All collected data processed through data reduction technique, data presentation, and conclusion verification. The findings of the study are:though the composer’s inspiration is from warna lokal of javanese music, the process using well-tempered system makes this music closer to warna lokal of sundanese music. Tonal sense of the music is more dominant than laras sense because of the composers interaction with tonal music also more dominant than karawitan music. Keywords: laras gamelan, warna lokal,film music, orchestra

UPAYA MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KREATIF MATEMATIKA DENGAN MODEL CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING (CTL) DI KELAS IX B MTs MUHAMMADIYAH KASIHAN

Penelitian ini dilakukan di MTs Muhammadiyah Kasihan pada tahun ajaran 2016/2017. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) dengan subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas IX B MTs Muhammadiyah Kasihan yang berjumlah 31 siswa dan objek penelitian ini adalah penerapan model pembelajaran Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematika siswa. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dalam dua siklus, yakni siklus I dan siklus II yang dilaksanakan dalam tiga kali pertemuan. Diakhir siklus dilaksanakan tes kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematika. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini adalah observasi, catatan lapangan, dokumentasi, dan tes kemampuan berpikir kreatif. Sedangkan teknik analisis data penelitian ini adalah deskriptif, kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) dapat meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematika siswa. Hal ini terbukti dari : (1) hasil observasi kegiatan guru dalam pembelajaran matematika siklus I sebesar 83,32% (kategori cukup) pada siklus II sebesar 100% (kategori tinggi), (2) hasil observasi kegiatan siswa pada siklus I sebesar 65% (kategori cukup) pada siklus II sebesar 85% (kategori tinggi), (3) nilai kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematika berdasarkan aspek-aspek (a) berpikir lancar pada siklus I sebesar 80,64 (kategori tinggi) meningkat pada siklus II mencapai 87,41 (kriteria tinggi); (b) keterampilan menilai pada siklus I sebesar 64,51 (kriteria cukup) meningkat pada siklus II mencapai 78,49 (kriteria tinggi); (c) berpikir luwes pada siklus I sebesar 75,37 (kategori tinggi) meningkat pada siklus II mencapai 80,82 (kategori tinggi); (d) berpikir orisinal pada siklus I sebesar 67,09 (kategori cukup) meningkat pada siklus II sebesar 76,34 (kategori tinggi); berpikir terperinci pada siklus I mencapai 79,15 (kategori tinggi) meningkat pada siklus II mencapai 84,27 (kategori tinggi)

Transpiration cooling of a hypersonic vehicle

In this thesis, a porous Ultra-High-Temperature-Ceramic (UHTC) made of zirconium diboride (ZrB2) is qualified for the purpose for transpiration cooling for the first time. Subsequently, the mixing mechanism between the coolant and a laminar, hypersonic boundary-layer gas at the wall downstream of a transpiration-cooled injector is investigated. This has led to understanding the mixing process at the wall in a laminar boundary layer. Porous UHTCs are a candidate group of materials for transpiration cooling of hypersonic vehicles due to their exceptionally high melting point, typically above 3000 K. Their high operating temperature permits a higher amount of radiative cooling than that achievable with conventional materials, which reduces the required coolant mass flow rate to cool the surface. This thesis experimentally examines the internal and external flow behaviour of porous UHTC made of zirconium diboride (ZrB2) for the purpose of transpiration cooling. A dedicated ISO standard permeability test rig was built. The outflow velocity distribution was acquired employing miniature hot-wire anemometry. The data obtained for the pressure loss across the porous samples agree with the Darcy-Forchheimer model for flow in porous media; respective Darcy and Forchheimer permeability coefficients are calculated and reported. Cleaning the surface of the samples using sandpaper or an ultrasonic bath raised the permeability coefficient by up to 19%. The outflow velocity maps exhibit a good flow uniformity with an average standard deviation of 25.1% with respect to the mean value. Individual jets are absent, and the velocity varies within the same order of magnitude. The mixing between the coolant and the boundary-layer gas downstream of an injector – for transpiration/film cooling – has been extensively studied for turbulent flows; however, only a handful of studies concerning laminar mixing exist, particularly in hypersonic flows. In this thesis, the concentration of the coolant gas at the wall and the heat flux reduction downstream of a transpiring injector in a hypersonic, laminar flow are experimentally measured and examined. Experiments are performed in the Oxford High Density Tunnel at Mach 7. A flat-plate model is coated with Pressure-sensitive Paint (PSP) to spatially resolve the film and obtain a film effectiveness based on coolant concentration. Thin-film arrays are installed to measure the heat flux reduction. Six different cases are studied featuring Nitrogen and Helium as the coolant gas, where the blowing ratio is varied from 0.0406% to 0.295%. The unit Reynolds number of the flow is 12.9 × 10ˆ6 1/m. A coolant concentration of up to 95% is achieved immediately downstream of the injector. The film concentration drops in a monotonic fashion farther downstream; however, a constant film coverage of 5 mm to 20 mm immediately downstream of the injector is observed in cases with a higher blowing ratio. A film coverage above 15% over three injector-lengths is present even for the lowest blowing ratio. Heat flux reduction is achieved in all cases; an onset of boundary-layer transition is not promoted. The concentration effectiveness obtained from PSP is compared with the thermal film effectiveness calculated from the heat flux reduction. The latter is found to be higher than the former for all data points. Subsequently, a collapse of the thermal effectiveness is achieved and a modified analytical correlation is proposed. A two-dimensional simulation study of transpiration cooling in a laminar, hypersonic boundary-layer using the Thermochemical Implicit Non-Equilibrium Algorithm (TINA) – a Navier-Stokes solver was undertaken. Coolant concentration and heat flux results are compared to data obtained from the experiments. TINA successfully predicts the mixing rate at the wall as a function of the stream-wise direction for all blowing ratios. The simulations are more successful in predicting the mixing downstream of the injector compared to the mixing on the injector, especially at low blowing ratios. A collapse of the thermal effectiveness values calculated from simulation data is achieved, which agrees with laminar correlations within an absolute value of ±10%. It is shown that, when the concentration effectiveness is close to 1 at the injector, the temperature gradient becomes negative at locations immediately downstream of the injector, resulting in a negative heat flux. The acceleration of the coolant in the stream-wise direction downstream promotes dissipation of energy, which results in a reduction in the temperature of the coolant and thereby induces a negative temperature gradient close to the injector. Finally, an analytical model based on one-dimensional diffusion is proposed to predict the mixing between the coolant gas and boundary-layer gas at the wall downstream of a transpiring injector in a laminar flow. The model is validated against the experimentally obtained coolant concentration data. It successfully predicts the mixing at the wall downstream within 17% of the experimental data. It is shown that this mixing mechanism at the wall in laminar flows is fully described by the process of diffusion. The coolant coverage at a given downstream location is promoted when the stream-wise velocity decreases, the blowing ratio increases, or the diffusion coefficient drops. Subsequently, a mass budget calculation is performed for a transpiration-cooled hypersonic vehicle employing the analytical model. The model predicts a 3.6 times less coolant mass requirement when Helium is used as the coolant gas as opposed to Nitrogen for the chosen trajectory. However, Helium requires twice the storage volume compared to Nitrogen

HUBUNGAN ANTARA POLA ASUH ORANG TUA DENGAN KARAKTER PADA SISWA SMP N 1 MINGGIR KELAS VIII TAHUN AJARAN 2016/2017

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pola asuh orang tua dengan karakter pada siswa kelas VIII SMP N 1 Minggir tahun pelajaran 2016/2017. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas VIII SMP N 1 Minggir tahun pelajaran 2016/2017 yang berjumlah 224 siswa. Sampel dalam penelitian ini diambil secara random sampling dengan menggunakan rumus slovin diperoleh 69 siswa. Metode pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan angket. Teknik analisis data dengan menggunakan analisis statistik dengan rumus korelasi product moment. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan yang positif antara pola asuh orang tua dengan karakter pada siswa kelas VIII SMP N 1 Minggir tahun pelajaran 2016/2017 dengan diketahui nilai koefisien korelasi rhitung sebesar 0,397 dengan p = 0,001 lebih kecil dari 0,05 (taraf signifikansi 5%). Dengan demikian semakin baik pola asuh orang tua maka semakin baik karakter pada siswa, sebaliknya semakin kurang pola asuh orang tua maka semakin kurang karakter pada siswa. Implikasi dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa dengan pelaksanaan program bimbingan dan konseling khususnya dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan dan pemahaman siswa tentang pola asuh orang tua dan karakter pada siswa sehingga terbentuk sikap dan perilaku siswa yang lebih baik. Diharapkan sekolah dan guru bimbingan konseling mampu mengembangkan program kegiatan yang positif pada siswa sehingga dapat meningkatkan pola asuh orang tua dasn pembentukan karakter yang baik pada siswa

Analytical model of transpired-coolant concentration at downstream wall in high-speed laminar flow

An analytical model based on one-dimensional diffusion is proposed to predict the mixing between the coolant gas and the boundary-layer gas at the wall downstream of a transpiring injector in a laminar flow. The model is validated against coolant concentration data experimentally obtained at Mach 7 over a flat plate at a zero pressure gradient. It successfully predicts the mixing at the wall downstream within 17% of the experimental data. It is shown that this mixing mechanism at the wall in laminar flows is fully described by the process of diffusion. The coolant coverage at a given downstream location is promoted when the streamwise velocity decreases, the blowing ratio increases, or the diffusion coefficient drops. Finally, a mass budget calculation is performed for a transpiration-cooled hypersonic vehicle employing the analytical model. The model predicts a mass requirement of 3.6 times less coolant when helium is used as the coolant gas as opposed to nitrogen for the chosen trajectory. However, helium requires twice the storage volume as compared to nitrogen

Digital Storytelling Intervention on Prosocial Behavior Improvement among Early Childhood

The prosocial behavior in childhood needs to develop because it is associated with favorable developmental outcomes in later hood. Digital storytelling is a method that assumed can help in encouraging and improving social behavior. It is combined digital media, including text, images, music and video. Digital storytelling can effectively improve prosocial behavior as opposed to the traditional storytelling approach. This study aims to examine and explore the effect of digital storytelling intervention methods on children’s prosocial behavior. The research subjects were 11 preschool children ranged from 5-7 years old. This study uses a randomized experiments research design with the program is carried out consecutively in five days, consists of 1 session each day before class begins. Measurement was done by using an observation checklist which developed from five aspects (sharing, cooperating, helping, donating, honesty) of prosocial behavior. Results of Friedman test showed that there was a significant difference of prosocial behavior in each session. This finding indicates that there are differences in the value of prosocial behavior in each session after the child gets a digital storytelling program.