Optimization and effect of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction conditions on global oil yield and eugenol from piper betle leaves

Todays, medicinal plants have been of great importance to the health of people and societies in Malaysia, and the entire world. Piper betle leaves, a member of family Piperaceae is an edible plant. The leaves of Piper betle have been traditionally utilized in India for inhibition of oral diseases. Scientific research shows that the leaves possess many biological activities with a good medicinal and commercial value. Nowadays, advance technologies have been used to develop high quality products. This study concentrates on supercritical fluid extraction technology which carbon dioxide, CO2 play as a solvent. The purpose of this study was to optimize and look into the effects of supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) extraction process variables, namely pressure (10–30 MPa), temperature (40–80 °C) and CO2 flowrate (2-8 mL/min) on global oil yield and percentage of Eugenol in Piper betle Leaves. The result shows that as the pressure, temperature and flow rate of CO2 increased the oil yield of Piper betle leaves increased. However, further increased, resulting in decreasing the amount of global oil yield. Meanwhile, the percentage of Eugenol increased as the CO2 flow rate increased. However, as the pressure and temperature increased, the percentage of Eugenol decreased. Second order polynomial model was used to express the extracted oil and percentage of Eugenol with the both results was satisfactory. The best conditions to maximize the global oil yields and percentage of Eugenol extracted were 19.0 MPa, 40.0 °C and 7.0 mL/min leading to 0.228g of oil and 8.21 % of Eugenol. The most dominant factor for both responses was CO2 flowrate. The results show a good fit to the proposed model and the optimal conditions obtained were within the experimental range with the value of R2 was 69.06% for global oil yield and 82.79% for amount of Eugenol

Retention of alpha tocopherol and antioxidant activity of encapsulated palm mixed vitamin E in formulated blends

Palm vitamin E containing mixture of tocopherol and tocotrienol was encapsulated using combined solution of maltodextrin and sodium caseinate by spray drying technique. The best formulation that fulfilled the requirement of high core retention with moderate antioxidant activity was found to be 24.5%(w/w) of vitamin E concentrate, 18.5% (w/w) of maltodextrin and 7%(w/w) of sodium caseinate. The corresponding core retention and antioxidant activity value were found to be 71.5% and 43%, respectively. More than 80% of encapsulated α‒tocopherol was stable over the whole range of temperature compared to non‒encapsulated α‒tocopherol. A first‒order kinetics model was determined in term of degradation of α‒tocopherol in non‒encapsulated vitamin E at temperature of 50ºC and 28ºC within 42days of storage. Degradation rate constants (k) were 2.8x10‒2 day‒1 and 3x10‒2 day‒1 for 28ºC and 50ºC, respectively. The half‒life determined were 25days at 28ºC and 23days at 50ºC of storage condition

Diffusivity optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction with co-solvent-ethanol from peanut skin

Peanut skin is a waste of industrial peanut butter that contains bioactive compound, which is used as antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction as green technology is applied to extract peanut skin oil. The aim of this study is to optimize the operational conditions of pressure, temperature, and percentage of co-solvent to obtain oil yield and diffusivity coefficient. Determination of diffusivity coefficient was needed to evaluate the mass transfer between solvent and solute. The operational conditions of SC-CO2 studied were different pressure (10, 20, 30 MPa), different temperature (40, 55, 70 °C and different co-solvent percentage (2.5, 5, and 7.5 % (Vethanol/Vsolvent)). The extraction time was 3 hours respectively. The optimum condition were 29.95 MPa, 40 °C and 6.49 % (Vethanol/Vsolvent) with 14.95 % yield and 8.47E-12 m2/s diffusivity coefficient

Enhancement and optimization of sinensetin extract from orthosiphon stamineus using supercrtitical carbon dioxide extraction

Sinensetin is a rare valuable flavonoid compound that contains 5 methoxy groups attached on the flavone backbone. This compound is abundantly established in citrus peel and can also be found in medicinal herb, ‘misai kucing’. Scientifically, ‘misai kucing’ is known as Orthosiphon stamineus; mostly used to treat kidney stones by old folks. Orthosiphon stamineus was listed in National Key Economic Area (NKEA) as contributor towards the Malaysian Economic Growth. Thus, this study was conducted with objectives to determine suitable modifier for supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction and to optimize the SC-CO2 extraction condition (pressure, temperature and average particle size) on the concentration of sinensetin. Water, methanol and acetone were used on the determination of modifier for SC-CO2 extraction by using water bath extraction at 40 °C in 8 hours. The results showed that acetone gave the highest percentage of sinensetin extract of 0.11%. Therefore, acetone was used as a modifier to enhance the extraction of sinensetin. The concentration of sinensetin was increased and the highest percentage of sinensetin obtained was 6.99%. Response surface methodology (RSM) through Box-Behnken design via Design Expert Software was applied to optimize the SC-CO2 conditions. The first-order polynomial was used to express the percentage of sinensetin with R2 value of 0.542. The optimum SC-CO2 operating condition was 30 MPa, 40 °C and 308.24 µm with sinensetin percentage of 4.35%. Hence, SC-CO2 with small amount of modifier was the best method to extract sinensetin as compared to water bath extraction method

Comparison of charantin extract from Momordica charantia using modified supercritical carbon dioxide and soxhlet extraction method

Charantin extract from Momordica charantia fruits for the anti-diabetic compound was proposed via Supercritical Fluid Extraction using carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) as a solvent. This method is a promising alternative technique to a conventional Soxhlet and shaking water bath extraction method. Experiments were conducted to analyze the charantin i) with and without a modifier (ethanol), ii) Soxhlet extraction with four types of solvent (distilled water, ethanol, dichloromethane, and petroleum ether) and iii) shaking water bath with distilled water as a solvent. A purification step was conducted post extraction to remove intrusive components such as chlorophylls and sugar from the analyte in order to quantify charantin extract using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results show that in 2.5 hours SC-CO2 with ethanol as modifier gives highest charantin yield with 0.7817 mg charantin per gram sample. In contrast, shaking water bath gives the highest charantin yield for a conventional method with 0.712 mg charantin per gram sample during 6 hours of extraction. The result shows that by using SC-CO2 modified with ethanol can be a promising “green” extraction than a conventional method

Mini review: application of supercritical carbon dioxide in extraction of propolis extract

Propolis is a resinous substance produced by bees functioned to seal holes, exclude draught, protect against contamination and external intruders inside their hives has been substantially studied and reported to have numerous health properties such as antiseptic, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant characteristics. Propolis cannot be utilized as raw material, due to its complex mixture of compounds. Hence it must be separated by the extraction process. Extraction targets to removes the inert compounds in the propolis sample and preserves the flavonoids and polyphenolic fraction. The most common technique used in propolis extraction is solvent extraction that involves the use of solvents such as ethanol, water, hexane, ethyl-acetate and chloroform. However, this conventional technique has some drawbacks including strong residual flavour, possible adverse reactions, harmful to the environment, low quality of the extract and long process period requirement. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) is one of the alternative techniques to conventional extraction that was reported to be an excellent method to purify and fractionate bioactive compounds from natural sources. SC-CO2 extraction was first introduced for analytical application because of the demand to reduce organic solvent utilization in a laboratory environment. It has now become a favourite technique in extraction, fractionation, refinement, and deodorization of natural sample matrices in laboratory scale and industrial scale. Carbon dioxide is an ideal supercritical solvent due to its non-toxic, non-polluting, non-flammable, recoverable and environmentally benign properties. Therefore, this mini review aims to discuss the application of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction specifically on propolis sample starting with a brief introduction on propolis, methods of propolis extraction, the principle of SC-CO2 extraction, application of SC-CO2 in propolis extraction, advantages of SC-CO2 extraction and lastly comparison between SC-CO2 and conventional extraction techniques

Extraction and identification of vitamin E from Pithecellobium Jiringan seeds using supercritical carbon dioxide

Pithecellobium Jiringan (P. Jiringan) is traditionally known as natural herb consists of several medicinal compounds (vitamin E). Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SC-CO2) has been proven as potential method to extract interest compound from herbs. By altering pressure and temperature, the specific compound can be extracted. In this study, the SC-CO2 operating conditions are pressure (20.68 MPa to 55.16 MPa) and temperature (40°C to 80°C) in one hour extraction regime was used to extract vitamin E from P. jiringan. The quantification of vitamin E was analysed with Gas Chromatography Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS). The responses are overall oil yield and vitamin E yield. The overall oil yield was obtained at the highest condition of 55.16 MPa and 80°C with asymptotic yield of 8.06%. In contrast, the highest amount of vitamin E obtained is 0.0458mg/g sample (80.14 ppm) at the lowest extraction condition of 20.68 MPa and 40ᵒ

Extraction rate of valuable compounds from peanut skin waste by ethanol-assisted supercritical carbon dioxide: Modelling and optimization

Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the extraction rate of phenolic and flavonoid contents from peanut skin by supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) assisted by ethanol as entrainer. The studied extraction parameters were pressure (10 to 30 MPa), temperature (40 to 70 oC), and the ratio of ethanol (2.5 to 7.5%). Brunner’s and Esquivel’s models were applied to evaluate the extraction rate. The best-operating conditions, in the tested range, were 30 MPa, 40 °C, and 4.64% of ethanol ratio, with a maximum extraction rate of 0.22 mg/g.sec and 0.19 mg/g.sec of the phenolic and flavonoid content, respectively. The findings concluded that higher-pressure condition has a significant impact on the extraction rate of phenolic and flavonoi

The effect of fluid flow rate and extraction time in supercritical carbon dioxide

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is the best extraction method for high purity of charantin rich extract from Momordica charantia fruit. It is due to the unique characteristic of transport properties of supercritical fluid such as viscosity and diffusivity. Therefore, the focus of this study was to investigate the effects of carbon dioxide flow rate and extraction time on the Momordica charantia extract yield. The effects of carbon dioxide flow rate and extraction time were investigated using flow rate of 4, 6 and 8 mL/min with constant mean particle size of 0.3 mm. Different temperatures (45 and 65oC) and pressures (10 and 30 MPa) were used to investigate the effect between low and high operating condition. Based on the results, it showed that as the carbon dioxide flow rate increased to 8 mL/min, the extract yield increased to 3.698% at low operating condition. Furthermore, the time taken to reach plateau phase decreased from 150 min to 90 min. Therefore, it is recommended to use high flow rate in this study for highest extract yield in short time

Optimization and solubilization of interest Compounds from roselle in subcritical ethanol Extraction (see)

A scientific investigation on the optimization and solubilization of anthocyanin from roselle by subcritical ethanol (SE) has not yet been conducted. Consequently, the purpose of this work is to evaluate the parameter influences on anthocyanin recovery by SE, followed by the identification of the solubilization behavior by semi-empirical modelling. The best conditions were 8.74 MPa, 383.51 K and 5.21 mL/min with responses of global yield of 0.765 g/g, anthocyanin of 921.43 mg/100 g, TPC of 40.57 mg/100 g and TFC of 559.14 mg/g. High pressure and temperature conditions are conducive to global yield, anthocyanin, flavonoid and phenolic recovery. The Del Valle Aguilera model fits the solubility of global yield and anthocyanin in SE effectively instead of Chrastil model since it has the lower average absolute relative deviation (AARD), which is 11.54 % and 7.15 %, respectively. The most influenced parameters were found to be the temperature, which gave a significant impact in enhancing the solubization power of global yield and anthocyanin