Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) co-treatment alleviates antidiabetic drug, rosiglitazone associated deterioration of bone remodeling

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to decreased insulin secretion, defective action or both. The rosiglitazone (RSG) is one of the oral antidiabetic drug used in type 2 (T2) DM and has a unique insulin-sensitizing capacity. However, RSG has a negative side effect on the bone as it stimulates the differentiation of bone marrow-mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) into adipocytes at the expense of osteoblasts in the bone marrow microenvironment, disturbing the normal balance of bone remodeling and causing BM adiposity. On the other hand, the trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a fatty acid is known as anti-adipogenic, pro-osteogenic. Therefor, this study was designed to assess whether CLA can alleviate the negative effect of RSG on bone. We used adipose tissue derived-mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs) as a human in vitro model to study the effect of CLA, RSG and combined treatment (RSG+CLA) on the osteoblastogenic and adipogenic differentiation of AT-MSCs. Osteoblastogenesis was assessed by Alizarin Red Staining and bone mineralization was assessed by ?"OsteoImage" ?^TMassays, whereas adipogenesis was assessed by Oil Red O Staining and LipidTOX assays. Besides, the level of expression of osteogenic and adipogenic markers was measured on treated osteo- and adipo-differentiated MSCs using real time RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot analysis. Compared to RSG group, the combined treatment group stimulates osteoblastogenesis, as evidenced by increased mineralization and upregulation of osteogenic markers OPN and RUNX2 and inhibits adipogenesis in osteogenic media as showed by decreased lipid content and downregulation of adipogenic markers FABP4, LPL and adipsin. In conclusion, the use of CLA as an adjunctive treatment reversed the effects of RSG on osteogenesis and adipogenesis. Further preclinical and clinical studies will be undertaken to establish this treatment regimen for the successful treatment of diabetic patients with rosiglitazone without adverse side effects on bone

Blood transfusion malaria among blood donors in the Central Blood Bank in Kassala State, Sudan

Background and aims: Although blood transfusion is generally believed to save human lives, blood can be a vehicle for the transmission of some infectious and parasitic diseases including malaria. So, this study aims to determine the prevalence of blood transfusion malaria among blood donors in the Central Blood Bank in Kassala State, according to age and blood groups. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the central blood bank in Kassala State among blood donors; this study involved one hundred blood samples, collected from donors aged from 18 to 41 years.  Results: The results showed that 1 (1%) of the donors was infected with the malaria parasite. The results also showed that the species of the malaria parasite was Plasmodium falciparum; the other Plasmodium species were not found. The results revealed that most donors were blood group O, while AB was the least common blood group; the blood group that harbored the malaria parasite was blood group O, and the other blood groups tested negative. The results also showed the highest number of blood donors was found in the age group of 24-29, and the positive donor was found in the same age group.  Conclusions: Both the blood films and immune chromatography test showed one positive result for the donor and the percentage of blood transfusion malaria was 1%

Prevalence of Malaria Parasite among Pregnant Women Attending to Saudi Kassala Teaching Hospital in Kassala State, Eastern Sudan

Objective. Malaria during pregnancy is a priority area for malaria research and control as pregnant women represent a high risk group for severe malaria, and the presentation of malaria during pregnancy varies according to the level of transmission in the area; so the aim of this study is to determine the prevalence rates of malaria parasite among pregnant women attending to Saudi Kassala Teaching hospital in Kassala state, 2022. Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out in Saudi Kassala Teaching hospital in Kassala State. This study involved one hundred and eighty-five blood samples collected from pregnant women who was then examined by using blood films and ICT for malaria, and the data were collected by a structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results. The prevalence of malaria among pregnant women was 2.2% (95% CI: 0.006–0.054). There was no significant difference among the different age groups with respect to the prevalence of malaria (P value = 0.483). The prevalence of malaria in rural residency was 2.2%, and this was significantly more common than the urban residency (P value = 0.021). When compared across the gestational trimesters, there was no significant difference between them (P value = 0.518). The number of gravidity is not related to malaria infection (P value = 0.737). The presence of symptom compliant of malaria during pregnancy does not suggest the presence of malaria (P value = 0.152). No difference was found between the different educational levels with respect to the prevalence of malaria (P value = 0.362). The result showed that there was 1 (0.5%) negative result in ICT which was positive in blood film for malaria (BFFM) and there were 3 (1.6%) positive malaria parasites by both methods in all 185 samples with statistically insignificant differences (P = 0.703). Conclusion. Plasmodium falciparum was only species detected in this study. Malaria among pregnant women was more prevalent in rural areas. However, other factors such as age, gestational age, gravidity, and educational level do not affect the prevalence of malaria in pregnant women. The presence of symptomatic compliant of malaria during pregnancy does not suggest the presence of malaria. The use of ICT or BFFM has similar diagnostic outcome for malaria in pregnancy

Global Incidence and Risk Factors Associated With Postoperative Urinary Retention Following Elective Inguinal Hernia Repair

Importance Postoperative urinary retention (POUR) is a well-recognized complication of inguinal hernia repair (IHR). A variable incidence of POUR has previously been reported in this context, and contradictory evidence surrounds potential risk factors.Objective To ascertain the incidence of, explore risk factors for, and determine the health service outcomes of POUR following elective IHR.Design, Setting, and Participants The Retention of Urine After Inguinal Hernia Elective Repair (RETAINER I) study, an international, prospective cohort study, recruited participants between March 1 and October 31, 2021. This study was conducted across 209 centers in 32 countries in a consecutive sample of adult patients undergoing elective IHR.Exposure Open or minimally invasive IHR by any surgical technique, under local, neuraxial regional, or general anesthesia.Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the incidence of POUR following elective IHR. Secondary outcomes were perioperative risk factors, management, clinical consequences, and health service outcomes of POUR. A preoperative International Prostate Symptom Score was measured in male patients.Results In total, 4151 patients (3882 male and 269 female; median [IQR] age, 56 [43-68] years) were studied. Inguinal hernia repair was commenced via an open surgical approach in 82.2% of patients (n = 3414) and minimally invasive surgery in 17.8% (n = 737). The primary form of anesthesia was general in 40.9% of patients (n = 1696), neuraxial regional in 45.8% (n = 1902), and local in 10.7% (n = 446). Postoperative urinary retention occurred in 5.8% of male patients (n = 224), 2.97% of female patients (n = 8), and 9.5% (119 of 1252) of male patients aged 65 years or older. Risk factors for POUR after adjusted analyses included increasing age, anticholinergic medication, history of urinary retention, constipation, out-of-hours surgery, involvement of urinary bladder within the hernia, temporary intraoperative urethral catheterization, and increasing operative duration. Postoperative urinary retention was the primary reason for 27.8% of unplanned day-case surgery admissions (n = 74) and 51.8% of 30-day readmissions (n = 72).Conclusions The findings of this cohort study suggest that 1 in 17 male patients, 1 in 11 male patients aged 65 years or older, and 1 in 34 female patients may develop POUR following IHR. These findings could inform preoperative patient counseling. In addition, awareness of modifiable risk factors may help to identify patients at increased risk of POUR who may benefit from perioperative risk mitigation strategies