Estudio de la actividad antiagregante de una quinolina en ratas

65 p.Las enfermedades cardiovasculares en las que se incluye infarto agudo al miocardio, enfermedad cerebro vascular y trombosis arterial periférica son un problema de salud pública en la sociedad actual. Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud, son la principal causa de morbi-mortalidad en el mundo. En la trombosis proceso clave en las enfermedades cardiovasculares, las plaquetas juegan un rol fundamental en su fisiopatología, ya que una vez activadas se agregan y favorecen la coagulación (expresan factor tisular y fosfolípidos aniónicos) y por otra parte, se ha observado que favorecen el fenómeno inflamatorio de la aterosclerosis. Lo anterior explica el uso de antiagregantes en prevención primaria y secundaria de eventos cardiovasculares. A pesar de los grandes beneficios que presenta el uso de antiagregantes en la prevención de eventos trombóticos, se han descritos efectos adversos y resistencia al efecto de estos fármacos. Ello justifica la búsqueda de nuevos antiagregantes plaquetarios. Estudios preliminares en el laboratorio del Dr. Iván Palomo, mostraron efecto antiagregante in vitro de algunas moléculas sintetizadas en el laboratorio del Dr. Astudillo (Instituto de Química y Recursos Naturales, de la Universidad de Talca) perteneciente a la familia de las Quinolinas. En este estudio se evaluará el efecto antiagregante de una de estas quinolinas in vivo en un modelo de ratas wistar. Los animales serán tratados con este compuesto, posteriormente al tiempo de experimentación, estos serán sacrificados y su sangre recolectada. Se separaran las plaquetas para realizar estudios de agregación. Con las muestras de plasma se realizarán pruebas Bioquímicas que van a permitir evaluar el efecto del tratamiento con quinolinas en distintos parámetros bioquímicos y también se llevará a cabo la cuantificación de Fibrinógeno para evaluar la vía de la coagulación

Influencia de la tutoría en el binomio docente-estudiante para evitar el abandono escolar

Problemática. El México en el año 2012, si se comparan el efecto en el abandono escolar, AE, en educación media superior, EMS, de diferentes factores, los tres factores que aumentan más el AE se relacionan al ámbito escolar (baja asistencia, reprobación, bajas calificaciones); “asistía siempre” no-78%, “nunca o alguna vez reprobó” no-78%, “promedio EMS alto” no-90%. Contexto. Este trabajo se desarrolló en la Escuela de Nivel Medio Superior Centro Histórico León, ENMSCHL, del Colegio del Nivel Medio Superior, CNMS, de la Universidad de Guanajuato, UG, desde el año 2009. Objetivo. Una de las labores del docente tutor, DT, es conciliar la actividad docente-estudiante para procurar que los estudiantes permanezcan en la Escuela observando la normatividad vigente. Líneas teóricas. Conforme a la dinámica escolar los coordinadores de área reúnen a los docentes respectivos para establecer los criterios de evaluación. Metodología. Mediante un instrumento se visualizan las materias con las cuales los estudiantes manifiestan más dificultad, así como algunos docentes involucrados con dicha dificultad, se plática en corto con los docentes con mayor índice de reprobación para retroalimentar las funciones sin afectar la libertad de cátedra. Resultados y Contribuciones. Mediante la influencia y la conciliación del tutor en la dinámica docente-estudiante auxilia a que se reduzca el AE

All-cause mortality in the cohorts of the Spanish AIDS Research Network (RIS) compared with the general population: 1997Ł2010

Abstract Background: Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has produced significant changes in mortality of HIVinfected persons. Our objective was to estimate mortality rates, standardized mortality ratios and excess mortality rates of cohorts of the AIDS Research Network (RIS) (CoRIS-MD and CoRIS) compared to the general population. Methods: We analysed data of CoRIS-MD and CoRIS cohorts from 1997 to 2010. We calculated: (i) all-cause mortality rates, (ii) standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and (iii) excess mortality rates for both cohort for 100 personyears (py) of follow-up, comparing all-cause mortality with that of the general population of similar age and gender. Results: Between 1997 and 2010, 8,214 HIV positive subjects were included, 2,453 (29.9%) in CoRIS-MD and 5,761 (70.1%) in CoRIS and 294 deaths were registered. All-cause mortality rate was 1.02 (95% CI 0.91-1.15) per 100 py, SMR was 6.8 (95% CI 5.9-7.9) and excess mortality rate was 0.8 (95% CI 0.7-0.9) per 100 py. Mortality was higher in patients with AIDS, hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection, and those from CoRIS-MD cohort (1997. Conclusion: Mortality among HIV-positive persons remains higher than that of the general population of similar age and sex, with significant differences depending on the history of AIDS or HCV coinfection

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p < 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics

Influencia de la tutoría en el binomio docente-estudiante para evitar el abandono escolar

Problemática. El México en el año 2012, si se comparan el efecto en el abandono escolar, AE, en educación media superior, EMS, de diferentes factores, los tres factores que aumentan más el AE se relacionan al ámbito escolar (baja asistencia, reprobación, bajas calificaciones); “asistía siempre” no-78%, “nunca o alguna vez reprobó” no-78%, “promedio EMS alto” no-90%. Contexto. Este trabajo se desarrolló en la Escuela de Nivel Medio Superior Centro Histórico León, ENMSCHL, del Colegio del Nivel Medio Superior, CNMS, de la Universidad de Guanajuato, UG, desde el año 2009. Objetivo. Una de las labores del docente tutor, DT, es conciliar la actividad docente-estudiante para procurar que los estudiantes permanezcan en la Escuela observando la normatividad vigente. Líneas teóricas. Conforme a la dinámica escolar los coordinadores de área reúnen a los docentes respectivos para establecer los criterios de evaluación. Metodología. Mediante un instrumento se visualizan las materias con las cuales los estudiantes manifiestan más dificultad, así como algunos docentes involucrados con dicha dificultad, se plática en corto con los docentes con mayor índice de reprobación para retroalimentar las funciones sin afectar la libertad de cátedra. Resultados y Contribuciones. Mediante la influencia y la conciliación del tutor en la dinámica docente-estudiante auxilia a que se reduzca el AE

Fenofibrate Therapy Restores Antioxidant Protection and Improves Myocardial Insulin Resistance in a Rat Model of Metabolic Syndrome and Myocardial Ischemia: The Role of Angiotensin II

Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activation promotes oxidative stress which increases the risk of cardiac dysfunction in metabolic syndrome (MetS) and favors local insulin resistance. Fibrates regulate RAS improving MetS, type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. We studied the effect of fenofibrate treatment on the myocardic signaling pathway of Angiotensin II (Ang II)/Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) and its relationship with oxidative stress and myocardial insulin resistance in MetS rats under heart ischemia. Control and MetS rats were assigned to the following groups: (a) sham; (b) vehicle-treated myocardial infarction (MI) (MI-V); and (c) fenofibrate-treated myocardial infarction (MI-F). Treatment with fenofibrate significantly reduced triglycerides, non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), insulin levels and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in MetS animals. MetS and MI increased Ang II concentration and AT1 expression, favored myocardial oxidative stress (high levels of malondialdehyde, overexpression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 4 (NOX4), decreased total antioxidant capacity and diminished expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD)1, SOD2 and catalase) and inhibited expression of the insulin signaling cascade: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PkB, also known as Akt)/Glut-4/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). In conclusion, fenofibrate treatment favors an antioxidant environment as a consequence of a reduction of the Ang II/AT1/NOX4 signaling pathway, reestablishing the cardiac insulin signaling pathway. This might optimize cardiac metabolism and improve the vasodilator function during myocardial ischemia

Latin American perceptions of fear and exaggeration transmitted by the media with regard to COVID-19: frequency and association with severe mental pathologies

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic contributed to the spread of abundant misinformation by the media, which caused fear and concern.ObjectiveTo determine the association between the pathologies of the mental sphere and the perceptions of fear and exaggeration transmitted by the media with respect to COVID-19 in Latin America.MethodologyThe present study has an analytical cross-sectional design that is based on a validated survey to measure fear and exaggeration transmitted by the media and other sources (Cronbach's α: 0.90). We surveyed more than 6,000 people, originally from 12 Latin American countries, who associated this perceived exaggeration with stress, depression, and anxiety (measured through DASS-21, Cronbach's α: 0.96).ResultsSocial networks (40%) or television (34%) were perceived as the sources that exaggerate the magnitude of the events. In addition, television (35%) and social networks (28%) were perceived as the sources that generate much fear. On the contrary, physicians and health personnel are the sources that exaggerated less (10%) or provoked less fear (14%). Through a multivariate model, we found a higher level of global perception that was associated with whether the participant was older (p = 0.002), had severe or more serious anxiety (p = 0.033), or had stress (p = 0,037). However, in comparison with Peru (the most affected country), there was a lower level of perception in Chile (p < 0.001), Paraguay (p = 0.001), Mexico (p < 0.001), Ecuador (p = 0.001), and Costa Rica (p = 0.042). All of them were adjusted for gender and for those having severe or major depression.ConclusionThere exists an association between some mental pathologies and the perception that the media does not provide moderate information

Discovering HIV related information by means of association rules and machine learning

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is still one of the main health problems worldwide. It is therefore essential to keep making progress in improving the prognosis and quality of life of affected patients. One way to advance along this pathway is to uncover connections between other disorders associated with HIV/AIDS-so that they can be anticipated and possibly mitigated. We propose to achieve this by using Association Rules (ARs). They allow us to represent the dependencies between a number of diseases and other specific diseases. However, classical techniques systematically generate every AR meeting some minimal conditions on data frequency, hence generating a vast amount of uninteresting ARs, which need to be filtered out. The lack of manually annotated ARs has favored unsupervised filtering, even though they produce limited results. In this paper, we propose a semi-supervised system, able to identify relevant ARs among HIV-related diseases with a minimal amount of annotated training data. Our system has been able to extract a good number of relationships between HIV-related diseases that have been previously detected in the literature but are scattered and are often little known. Furthermore, a number of plausible new relationships have shown up which deserve further investigation by qualified medical experts

COVID-19 in hospitalized HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients : A matched study

CatedresObjectives: We compared the characteristics and clinical outcomes of hospitalized individuals with COVID-19 with [people with HIV (PWH)] and without (non-PWH) HIV co-infection in Spain during the first wave of the pandemic. Methods: This was a retrospective matched cohort study. People with HIV were identified by reviewing clinical records and laboratory registries of 10 922 patients in active-follow-up within the Spanish HIV Research Network (CoRIS) up to 30 June 2020. Each hospitalized PWH was matched with five non-PWH of the same age and sex randomly selected from COVID-19@Spain, a multicentre cohort of 4035 patients hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19. The main outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality. Results: Forty-five PWH with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 were identified in CoRIS, 21 of whom were hospitalized. A total of 105 age/sex-matched controls were selected from the COVID-19@Spain cohort. The median age in both groups was 53 (Q1-Q3, 46-56) years, and 90.5% were men. In PWH, 19.1% were injecting drug users, 95.2% were on antiretroviral therapy, 94.4% had HIV-RNA < 50 copies/mL, and the median (Q1-Q3) CD4 count was 595 (349-798) cells/μL. No statistically significant differences were found between PWH and non-PWH in number of comorbidities, presenting signs and symptoms, laboratory parameters, radiology findings and severity scores on admission. Corticosteroids were administered to 33.3% and 27.4% of PWH and non-PWH, respectively (P = 0.580). Deaths during admission were documented in two (9.5%) PWH and 12 (11.4%) non-PWH (P = 0.800). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that well-controlled HIV infection does not modify the clinical presentation or worsen clinical outcomes of COVID-19 hospitalization