Does Income Mobility Equalize Longer-term Incomes? New Measures of an Old Concept

This paper develops a new class of measures of mobility as an equalizer of longer-term incomes – a concept different from other notions such as mobility as time-independence, positional movement, share movement, income flux, and directional income movement. A number of properties are specified leading to a class of indices, one easily-implementable member of which is applied to data for the United States and France. Using this index, income mobility is found to have equalized longer-term earnings among U.S. men in the 1970s but not in the 1980s or 1990s. In France, though, income mobility was equalizing throughout, and it has attained its maximum in the most recent period

Enterprise and Entrepreneurship: The Impact of Director Disqualification

This article examines the relationship between business organisation law and policies designed to encourage entrepreneurial activity. In particular the article focuses on the UK's regime for disciplining directors of failed companies, and notes that the United States does not have comparable rules. In the United States, director disqualification is designed to protect investors, as part of the protections necessary for the capital markets, whereas in the United Kingdom director disqualification is designed to protect creditors. The United States tends to rely on private, rather than public, mechanisms for the protection of creditors

Dimensionality of the Chinese Perceived Causes of Poverty Scale: Findings Based on Confirmatory Factor Analyses

Confirmatory factor analysis, Factorial invariance, Beliefs about poverty, Chinese adolescents,