Adição de complexo multienzimático em dietas à base de soja extrusada: valores energéticos e digestibilidade de nutrientes em pintos de corte Effects of feeding multienzymatic complex addition and different extruded soybean on energy values and nutrient digestibility in broiler chicks

O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da adição de complexo multienzimático (CM) e do nível de processamento da soja sobre os valores energéticos e os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos nutrientes de rações para pintos de corte. Foram utilizados 288 pintos de corte machos da linhagem Avian Farms, com oito dias de idade, em arranjo fatorial 3 x 2 (rações à base de soja extrusada subprocessada, normal e superprocessada, suplementadas ou não com complexo multienzimático), totalizando seis tratamentos, com oito repetições de seis aves por unidade experimental. As excretas foram coletadas e pesadas durante cinco dias consecutivos, utilizando-se os métodos de coleta total e de coleta ileal. A adição do CM (protease, amilase e celulase) promoveu aumento médio dos coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal aparente de matéria seca, proteína, energia e gordura das dietas de 4,8; 1,3; 4,8 e 6,0%, respectivamente. Entretanto, os maiores aumentos nos valores de digestibilidade ileal proporcionados pelo CM foram obtidos com as rações contendo soja extrusada subprocessada: 10,7% MS, 4,2% PB, 11,4% EB e 17,6% gordura. A adição do CM melhorou a digestibilidade ileal de FDN, FDA e HEM, em média, 10,60; 23,05 e 6,39%, respectivamente. As aves alimentadas com dietas contendo soja extrusada normal apresentaram maiores coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal dos nutrientes e valores de EM que aquelas alimentadas com sojas extrusadas sub e superprocessadas.<br>This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of multienzymatic complex (MC) addition in diets with different types of extruded soybeans on the energy values and nutrient digestibility coefficients for broiler chicks. A total of 288 Avian Farms males broiler chicks averaging eight days old was allotted to a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement (under, standard and over processed extruded full fat soybean-based diets with and without MC, in a total of six treatments with eight replicates and six birds per experimental unit. Feces were collected and weighed during five days. It was observed that the MC addition (composed by cellulase, amylase and protease) increased the coefficients of dietary ileal apparent digestibility of DM, CP, GE, and fat by 4.8, 1.3, 4.8, and 6%, respectively. However, under processed extruded full fat soybean-based diets, with MC, increased most the ileal digestibility: 10.7% (DM), 4.2% (CP), 11.4%, (GE), and 17.55% fat. The MC addition increased the ileal digestibilility of NDF, ADF, and hemicelullose at average 10.60, 23.05, and 6.39%, respectively. The birds fed diets with standard processed extruded full fat soybean showed higher values of coefficients of nutrient ileal digestibility and of metabolizable energy than those fed extruded under and over processed full fat soybean-based diet

Efeito da suplementação enzimática em rações com farelo de soja e soja integral extrusada sobre a digestibilidade de nutrientes, o fluxo de nutrientes na digesta ileal e o desempenho de frangos Enzymatic supplementation on soybean meal and full fat extruded soybean based diet on the digestibility of nutrients, ileal digest flow and broiler performance

Três experimentos foram realizados com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da suplementação enzimática em rações à base de milho e soja sobre o desempenho (Experimento 1), a digestibilidade de nutrientes (Experimento 2) e o desempenho e o fluxo de nutrientes na digesta ileal (Experimento 3) em frangos de corte. No Experimento 1, para o cálculo das rações experimentais, a composição química do farelo de soja (FS) e da soja integral extrusada (SIE) foi superestimada em 7% para os valores de EM e PB e 5% para Met, Met+Cis e Lis (Trat. C, D e E) e 9% para EM, 7% para PB e 5% para Met, Met+Cis e Lis (Trat. F, G e H), quando houve a adição de enzimas (Allzyme Vegpro<FONT FACE=Symbol>â</FONT> e Allzyme Lipase<FONT FACE=Symbol>â</FONT>). Conclui-se que os valores de EM, PB e aminoácidos (Met, Met+Cis e Lis) da soja puderam ser superestimados em 9, 7 e 5%, respectivamente, quando houve a adição de complexo multienzimático (Allzyme Vegpro<FONT FACE=Symbol>â</FONT>) às rações para frangos de corte (1-42 dias), sem prejuízo ao desempenho das aves. Os tratamentos utilizados nos experimentos 2 e 3 foram: A e B - rações contendo farelo de soja (FS), sem e com adição de complexo multienzimático (Allzyme Vegpro<FONT FACE=Symbol>â</FONT>); e C e D - rações contendo farelo de soja (FS) e soja integral extrusada (SIE), sem e com adição de complexo multienzimático (Allzyme Vegpro<FONT FACE=Symbol>â</FONT>). No experimento 2, não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos para os coeficientes de metabolização aparente de matéria seca, proteína bruta, energia bruta e a EMAn. No Experimento 3, para os períodos inicial (1-21 dias de idade), de crescimento (22-42 dias de idade) e total (1-42 dias de idade), não foram observadas diferenças no consumo de ração, no ganho de peso e na conversão alimentar das aves que receberam rações suplementadas com enzimas. Na determinação do fluxo de nutrientes na digesta ileal, não foram verificadas diferenças entre os tratamentos estudados, aos 21 e 42 dias de idade.<br>Three trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of enzymatic supplementation of corn and soybean based diets on performance (Trial 1), nutrients digestibility (Trial 2), performance and nutrient flow in the ileal digesta (Trial 3) in broiler chickens. In Trial 1, for experimental diet formulation, the chemical composition of soybean meal (SM) and full fat extruded soybean (ES) were overestimated in 7% for ME and CP, and 5% for Met, Met+Cys and Lys (Treatment C, D, and E) and 9% for ME, 7% for CP and 5% for Met, Met+Cys and Lys (Treatments F, G e H) when there was enzymes addition (Allzyme Vegpro<FONT FACE=Symbol>â</FONT> e Allzyme Lipase<FONT FACE=Symbol>â</FONT>). It was concluded that ME, CP and amino acids (Met, Met+Cys and Lys) values can be overestimated in 9, 7 and 5%, respectively, when there was the addition of enzymatic complex to the broilers diets (1-42 days), without reducing bird performance. Treatments used on trials 2 and 3 were: A and B - diets based on soybean meal (SBM) with and without addition of multienzymatic complex (Allzyme Vegpro<FONT FACE=Symbol>â</FONT>) and C and D - diets based on soybean meal (SBM) and full fat extruded soybean (ES) with and without addition of multienzymatic complex (Allzyme Vegpro<FONT FACE=Symbol>â</FONT>). In Trial 2 differences were not observed among treatments for coefficients of apparent metabolization of dry matter, crude protein, gross energy and AMEn. In trial 3, for initial period (1-21 days), growth period (22-42 days) and total period (1-42 days) differences were not observed in feed intake, weight gain and feed: gain among birds fed with diets supplemented with enzymes. In the determination of nutrient flow in ileal digesta, differences among studied treatments were not observed, for 21 and 42 days age

Flower Development

Flowers are the most complex structures of plants. Studies of Arabidopsis thaliana, which has typical eudicot flowers, have been fundamental in advancing the structural and molecular understanding of flower development. The main processes and stages of Arabidopsis flower development are summarized to provide a framework in which to interpret the detailed molecular genetic studies of genes assigned functions during flower development and is extended to recent genomics studies uncovering the key regulatory modules involved. Computational models have been used to study the concerted action and dynamics of the gene regulatory module that underlies patterning of the Arabidopsis inflorescence meristem and specification of the primordial cell types during early stages of flower development. This includes the gene combinations that specify sepal, petal, stamen and carpel identity, and genes that interact with them. As a dynamic gene regulatory network this module has been shown to converge to stable multigenic profiles that depend upon the overall network topology and are thus robust, which can explain the canalization of flower organ determination and the overall conservation of the basic flower plan among eudicots. Comparative and evolutionary approaches derived from Arabidopsis studies pave the way to studying the molecular basis of diverse floral morphologies