An Extreme Solar Event of 20 January 2005: Properties of the Flare and the Origin of Energetic Particles

The extreme solar and SEP event of 20 January 2005 is analyzed from two perspectives. Firstly, we study features of the main phase of the flare, when the strongest emissions from microwaves up to 200 MeV gamma-rays were observed. Secondly, we relate our results to a long-standing controversy on the origin of SEPs arriving at Earth, i.e., acceleration in flares, or shocks ahead of CMEs. All emissions from microwaves up to 2.22 MeV line gamma-rays during the main flare phase originated within a compact structure located just above sunspot umbrae. A huge radio burst with a frequency maximum at 30 GHz was observed, indicating the presence of a large number of energetic electrons in strong magnetic fields. Thus, protons and electrons responsible for flare emissions during its main phase were accelerated within the magnetic field of the active region. The leading, impulsive parts of the GLE, and highest-energy gamma-rays identified with pi^0-decay emission, are similar and correspond in time. The origin of the pi^0-decay gamma-rays is argued to be the same as that of lower energy emissions. We estimate the sky-plane speed of the CME to be 2000-2600 km/s, i.e., high, but of the same order as preceding non-GLE-related CMEs from the same active region. Hence, the flare itself rather than the CME appears to determine the extreme nature of this event. We conclude that the acceleration, at least, to sub-relativistic energies, of electrons and protons, responsible for both the flare emissions and the leading spike of SEP/GLE by 07 UT, are likely to have occurred simultaneously within the flare region. We do not rule out a probable contribution from particles accelerated in the CME-driven shock for the leading GLE spike, which seemed to dominate later on.Comment: 34 pages, 14 Postscript figures. Solar Physics, accepted. A typo corrected. The original publication is available at http://www.springerlink.co

СОЗДАНИЕ И УНИКАЛЬНЫЙ ОПЫТ РАБОТЫ ЦЕНТРА ПО ЛЕЧЕНИЮ ДЕТЕЙ И ПОДРОСТКОВ С ЦЕРЕБРОВАСКУЛЯРНЫМИ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯМИ НА БАЗЕ МНОГОПРОФИЛЬНОГО ПЕДИАТРИЧЕСКОГО СТАЦИОНАРА КАК ЕДИНСТВЕННОГО В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ ПЕРВИЧНОГО ЦЕНТРА ДЕТСКОГО ИНСУЛЬТА

Stroke is in the top ten causes of children death, ahead of brain tumors. Х-ray diagnostics development has significantly improved the detectability of pediatric stroke. The average incidence of cerebrovascular diseases in children was 13 per 100,000 children annually. The main feature of children's stroke is its multifactorial character, which complicates diagnostic process and requires involvement of doctors of different specialties to determine the leading etiological factors and choose optimal therapy and management tactics. The Center for the Treatment of Cerebrovascular Pathology in Children and Adolescents was established on the basis of Morozov Children City Clinical Hospital by Moscow Healthcare Department, Order No. 169, dated February 27, 2014. The main task was to create a pediatric stroke center on the basis of multidisciplinary Morozov Children City Clinical Hospital, which met the main international requirements of the primary center for pediatric stroke. It was done to improve early diagnostic process, refine the algorithm for maintaining patient data in acute periods, develop preventive measures, maintain city pediatric stroke register, introduce family consultations, coordinate medical care for children with cerebrovascular pathology at various levels in Moscow, and improve medical care quality for children with cerebrovascular pathology and their families. Since April 2014 more than 800 children have undergone inpatient treatment and more than 420 have been treated in outpatient departments of Morozov Children City Clinical Hospital.У детей инсульт находится в первой десятке причин смерти, опережая опухоли головного мозга. С развитием лучевой диагностики значительно улучшилась выявляемость детского инсульта. Средняя частота возникновения цереброваскулярных заболеваний у детей составила 13 на 100 тыс. детей в год. Основной особенностью детского инсульта является его мультифакториальность, что усложняет диагностику и требует привлечения врачей разных специальностей для определения ведущих этиологических факторов и выбора оптимальной терапии и тактики ведения. Приказом Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы от 27.02.2014 № 169 на базе ГБУЗ «Морозовская детская городская клиническая больница ДЗМ» (МДГКБ) был создан Центр по лечению детей и подростков с цереброваскулярными заболеваниями. Основной задачей было создание на базе многопрофильного стационара ГБУЗ «Морозовская ДГБК ДЗМ» центра детского инсульта, отвечающего основным международным требованиям первичного центра детского инсульта, для улучшения ранней диагностики, отработки алгоритма ведения данных пациентов в острейшем и остром периодах, разработки профилактических мероприятий, ведения городского регистра детского инсульта, внедрения опыта семейного консультирования, координации медицинской помощи детям с цереброваскулярными заболеваниями на различных уровнях оказания медицинской помощи детям и подросткам в г. Москве, улучшения качества медицинской помощи детям и членам их семей с цереброваскулярными заболеваниями. Стационарное лечение на базе отделений МДГКБ за время существования центра с апреля 2014 г. прошли более 800 детей, наблюдались амбулаторно - более 420