The work of the Salford school board.

Salford was unique in 1870 in being a large town, of some 120,000 inhabitants, with an excess of public elementary school accommodation. In November 1870 Salford elected the sixth board in the country. The Board retained for the whole of its existence the voluntaryist majority with which it was first returned. Almost immediately the Board took over the payment of school-pence of poor but non-pauper children and with Manchester, up to 1st January 1877, paid more in fees than all the other boards together. Indeed, it was ever the policy of the Board to aid the Salford voluntary schools in any way possible, such as by fees assistance, and from this attitude and the initial excess of voluntary school places, it developed a reluctance to provide new board schools. From 1880 onwards this policy resulted in acute shortages of accommodation in various parts of Salford. The inspectorate constantly exhorted the Board to supply new school places. The Board did not even manage a school until 1877.The Board resolved to make attendance compulsory as soon as practicable, and this was enforced from 1872. However, the standards of exemption were low and the Board not particularly zealous in securing attendance. With the passing of the 1880 Elementary Education Act, it unavailingly sought to retain ease of exemption, but thereafter it remained slightly in front of the country generally in its regard for the children's welfare. It was never easy to induce children to stay on at school - even to-day Salford has the lowest proportion of sixth-formers in the country - and with the passing of the I889 Technical Instruction Act (largely engineered by the most famous member of the Salford Board, William Mather, who had been a member of the Samuelson Commission) a period of friction between the School Board and the Council's Technical Instruction Committee ensued. A large new technical college was built, and despite agreement, the college attempted to attract children from the upper standards of the Board's higher grade schools. Later, there were rival claims for the recognition as the local authority responsible for Science and Art Instruction, under Clause VII of the 1897 Directory. By 1901, however, a complete reconciliation had occurred

Estimation of Cooling Energy Demand and Carbon Emissions from Urban Buildings using a Quasi-dynamic Model

Global warming and the urban heat island effect in large towns and cities demand new approaches to cooling buildings in an efficient and sustainable way. Modern refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump (RACHP) systems can achieve a high coefficient of performance and low emissions, but refrigeration technology already accounts for around 15% of worldwide electricity use and up to 10% of all greenhouse gas emissions, so in the context of international agreements to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by up to 80% RACHP systems alone cannot provide a sustainable cooling solution for cities. The purpose of the model described in this paper is to provide a simple and easy to use tool to estimate the impact of different heating and cooling technologies, alternative building design and operating parameters and future global warming, on the energy demands and carbon emissions of buildings. Existing software tools for analysis of buildings can provide high quality results for a given scenario, but the determination of an optimal solution demands multiple simulations, which can be time consuming and require post processing to interpret the results. The Excel based tool uses a quasi-dynamic energy balance model and reduced weather data set to generate rapid results, allowing the user to view the building’s temperature profile, energy demands and carbon emissions in near real time and to develop an optimum cooling strategy. Results are presented for a single building version of the tool. When fully developed, it will allow the user to model clusters of buildings in an urban environment

Unusual features of pomoviral RNA movement

This work is partially supported by the Scottish Government’s Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services (RESAS) DivisionPotato mop-top pomovirus (PMTV) is one of a few viruses that can move systemically in plants in the absence of the capsid protein (CP). Pomoviruses encode the triple gene block genetic module of movement proteins (TGB 1, 2, and 3) and recent research suggests that PMTV RNA is transported either as ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes containing TGB1 or encapsidated in virions containing TGB1. Furthermore, there are different requirements for local or systemic (long-distance) movement. Research suggests that nucleolar passage of TGB1 may be important for the long-distance movement of both RNP and virions. Moreover, and uniquely, the long-distance movement of the CP-encoding RNA requires expression of both major and minor CP subunits and is inhibited when only the major CP sub unit is expressed. This paper reviews pomovirus research and presents a current model for RNA movement.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Relativistic many-body calculations of the Stark-induced amplitude of the 6P1/2 -7P1/2 transition in thallium

Stark-induced amplitudes for the 6P1/2 - 7P1/2 transition in Tl I are calculated using the relativistic SD approximation in which single and double excitations of Dirac-Hartree-Fock levels are summed to all orders in perturbation theory. Our SD values alpha S = 368 a0 3 and beta S= 298 a 0 3 are in good agreement with the measurements alpha S=377(8) a 0 3$ and beta S = 313(8) a 0 3 by D. DeMille, D. Budker, and E. D. Commins [Phys. Rev. A 50, 4657 (1994)]. Calculations of the Stark shifts in the 6P1/2 - 7P1/2 and 6P1/2 - 7S1/2 transitions are also carried out. The Stark shifts predicted by our calculations agree with the most accurate measured values within the experimental uncertainties for both transitions

Improved Laboratory Transition Probabilities for Ce II, Application to the Cerium Abundances of the Sun and Five r-process Rich, Metal-Poor Stars, and Rare Earth Lab Data

Recent radiative lifetime measurements accurate to +/- 5% using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) on 43 even-parity and 15 odd-parity levels of Ce II have been combined with new branching fractions measured using a Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) to determine transition probabilities for 921 lines of Ce II. This improved laboratory data set has been used to determine a new solar photospheric Ce abundance, log epsilon = 1.61 +/- 0.01 (sigma = 0.06 from 45 lines), a value in excellent agreement with the recommended meteoritic abundance, log epsilon = 1.61 +/- 0.02. Revised Ce abundances have also been derived for the r-process-rich metal-poor giant stars BD+17 3248, CS 22892-052, CS 31082-001, HD 115444 and HD 221170. Between 26 and 40 lines were used for determining the Ce abundance in these five stars, yielding a small statistical uncertainty of 0.01 dex similar to the Solar result. The relative abundances in the metal-poor stars of Ce and Eu, a nearly pure r-process element in the Sun, matches r-process only model predictions for Solar System material. This consistent match with small scatter over a wide range of stellar metallicities lends support to these predictions of elemental fractions. A companion paper includes an interpretation of these new precision abundance results for Ce as well as new abundance results and interpretations for Pr, Dy and Tm.Comment: 84 pages, 8 Figures, 14 Tables; To appear in the Astrophysical Journal Supplemen

Composite Fermions and quantum Hall systems: Role of the Coulomb pseudopotential

The mean field composite Fermion (CF) picture successfully predicts angular momenta of multiplets forming the lowest energy band in fractional quantum Hall (FQH) systems. This success cannot be attributed to a cancellation between Coulomb and Chern-Simons interactions beyond the mean field, because these interactions have totally different energy scales. Rather, it results from the behavior of the Coulomb pseudopotential V(L) (pair energy as a function of pair angular momentum) in the lowest Landau level (LL). The class of short range repulsive pseudopotentials is defined that lead to short range Laughlin like correlations in many body systems and to which the CF model can be applied. These Laughlin correlations are described quantitatively using the formalism of fractional parentage. The discussion is illustrated with an analysis of the energy spectra obtained in numerical diagonalization of up to eleven electrons in the lowest and excited LL's. The qualitative difference in the behavior of V(L) is shown to sometimes invalidate the mean field CF picture when applied to higher LL's. For example, the nu=7/3 state is not a Laughlin nu=1/3 state in the first excited LL. The analysis of the involved pseudopotentials also explains the success or failure of the CF picture when applied to other systems of charged Fermions with Coulomb repulsion, such as the Laughlin quasiparticles in the FQH hierarchy or charged excitons in an electron-hole plasma.Comment: 27 pages, 23 figures, revised version (significant changes in text and figures), submitted to Phil. Mag.