Cerdà and Barcelona : the need for a new city and service provision

This paper examines Ildefons Cerdà's 1860 Plan for the Urban Expansion of Barcelona; specifically, how and why it was conceived in a unique way, in which the provision of services to the population was an important part. Cerdà based his expansion proposal on an in‑depth socio-statistical study of old Barcelona's population conditions. The high mortality rates of the working‑class population and poor health and education conditions pushed Cerdà to design a new type of urban planning, which he defined as "urbanism". In his proposal for the new city, he planned the location of services such as marketplaces, schools and hospitals. The first part of this paper introduces the urban and political preconditions of Barcelona and the statistics on which Cerdà based his contribution. The second part uses location theory and a geographic information system (GIS) to analyse the pattern of location and the population served by markets and hospitals. In addition, topographic maps from 1926 and 1975 are used to study the development of the expansion up to when it was fully developed. The evolution of the city differed from Cerdà's proposal, partly due to unexpected increases in population density, the built environment, and higher amounts of building occupation. Nevertheless, Cerdà's layout of streets and avenues has prevailed

Modificación del perfil en ácidos grasos, α-tocoferol y niveles de oxidación en huevos enriquecidos en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados Cû3 tras someterlos a diferentes procesados térmicos

Premio a la Investigación 200J del Instituto de Estudios del Huevo.El huevo es un alimento equilibrado de alto valor nutritivo. España es el cuarto país productor de huevos en la Unión Europea, y el undécimo a nivel mundial, a pesar de la disminución de consumo que se ha producido en los últimos años. Uno de los motivos que ha contribuido a esta reducción, ha sido su contenido relativamente elevado de colesterol, nutriente relacionado con la aparición de determinadas patologías cardiovasculares. Sin embargo, según datos de la OMS, los tres países industrializados con mayor consumo de huevos por habitante, Japón, Francia y España, tienen los menores índices de mortalidad por infarto de miocardio

Influence of the Dietary Polyunsaturation Level on Chicken Meat Quality: Lipid Oxidation

The present study was carried out to evaluate the influence of increasing amounts of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and α-tocopheryl acetate (α-TA) supplementation on lipid oxidation of raw and cooked thigh meat stored under refrigeration. One hundred ninety-two female, 1-d-old, broiler chickens were randomly distributed into 16 experimental treatments resulting from the combination of 4 levels of dietary PUFA (15, 34, 45, and 61 g/kg) and 4 levels of supplementation with α-TA (0, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values in cooked meat and cooked refrigerated meat were 12- and 24-fold higher, respectively, than in raw meat. Dietary polyunsaturation and α-TA supplementation affected lipid oxidation more markedly in cooked meat and cooked refrigerated meat than in raw meat and raw refrigerated meat. Lipid oxidationa in cooked meat showed a significant linear increase as the concentration of PUFA in raw meat increased. The oxidative stability of meat was not affected by an increase in the dietary α-TA level from 200 to 400 mg/kg. Nonlinear relationship between TBARS values in cooked meat and α-tocopherol content of raw meat showed saturation in the antioxidant effect of α-Toc. The equation y = x (11.88+ 63.38e−0.007z) was calculated to predict the minimum inclusion of α-tocopherol to diets (z) of chickens with certain dietary PUFA content (x) to assure a certain TBARS value (y)

Disseny d'un mètode de valoració d'itineraris d'educació ambiental i aplicació a l'àmbit Parc Natural de l'Alt Pirineu - Alt Urgell

El Parc Natural de l'Alt Pirineu (PNAP) està creant una xarxa d'itineraris d'educació ambiental amb l'objectiu de divulgar els valors del parc i conscienciar els seus visitants sobre la importància de conservar el medi ambient. El desenvolupament de mètodes de valoració de l'aptitud de potencials itineraris d'educació ambiental pot servir per crear eines de gestió molt útils a l'hora d'ampliar aquesta xarxa de senders. Per aquest motiu, un grup anterior de la llicenciatura de Ciències Ambientals va desenvolupar el preprotocol Neret, que permet obtenir una puntuació numèrica per a un itinerari, responent a una sèrie de preguntes senzilles. En el present projecte, s'ha aplicat el protocol anterior a tres itineraris de muntanya per tal d'estudiar-ne el funcionament en un tipus d'itinerari diferent dels de fons de vall, on va ser dissenyat. L'anàlisi del preprotocol s'ha efectuat mitjançant una matriu DAFO, aEl Parc Natural de l'Alt Pirineu (PNAP) está creando una red de itinerarios de educación ambiental con el objetivo de divulgar los valores del parque y concienciar a sus visitantes sobre la importancia de conservar el medio ambiente. El desarrollo de métodos de valoración de la aptitud de potenciales itinerarios de educación ambiental puede ser útil para crear herramientas de gestión muy útiles a la hora de ampliar esta red de senderos. Por este motivo, un grupo anterior de la licenciatura de Ciencias Ambientales desarrolló el preprotocolo Neret, que permiteThe Parc Natural de l'Alt Pirineu (PNAP) is creating a net of environmental education itineraries with the goal to spread the values of the park and to increase its visitor's awareness about the importance to preserve the environment. The development of aptitude assessment methods of potential itineraries for environmental educatio

Propostes de prevenció de residus en esdeveniments a la ciutat de Sitges

El model actual de consum comporta el malbaratament de recursos, potenciant l'ús desmesurat de materials i productes no reutilitzables, convertint-los en residu. Aquesta generació creixent de residus comporta la necessitat de gestionar-los de manera eficient o impedir generar-los, per minimitzar els impactes ambientals i econòmics. En aquest projecte es pretén actuar en la prevenció de la generació de residus a Sitges, concretament en la promoció d'actuacions de prevenció de residus en esdeveniments. L'estudi analitza la situació actual del municipi en quant a prevenció de residus i, tenint en compte el tipus de residus generats en els esdeveniments, proposa mesures per reduir-los considerant el seu cost econòmic, comptabilitzant les despeses amb i sense l'aplicació de les mesures, i el benefici d'aquestes llarg termini.The present model of consume leads to waste of resources, boosting the excessive use of materials and products not reusable, turning them into waste. This raising waste generation, entails the need to efficiently manage the waste, or to not generate them in order to minimize the environmental and economical impacts. This project, expect to act on the prevention of the waste generation in Sitges, more specifically promoting mesures and actions of waste prevention in events. The study analyzes the current state of the city in the waste prevention area, and according to the type of waste generated in the events, suggests measures to reduce them taking into account their economical costs, counting the expenses with and without the measures, and the long term benefits the mesures would entail.El modelo actual de consumo conlleva el malgasto de recursos, potenciando el uso desmesurado de materiales y productos no reutilizables, convirtiéndolos en rechazo. Esta generación creciente de residuos conlleva la necesidad de gestionarlos de manera eficiente o impedir generarlos, para minimizar los impactos ambientales y económicos. En este proyecto se pretende actuar en la prevención de la generación de residuos en Sitges, concretamente en la promoción de actuaciones de prevención de residuos en eventos. El estudio analiza la situación actual del municipio en cuanto a prevención de residuos y, teniendo en cuenta el tipo de residuos generados en los eventos, propone medidas para reducirlos considerando su coste económico, contabilizando los gastos con y sin la aplicación de las medidas, y el beneficio de éstas a largo plazo

Additions to the Mycosphaerella complex

Species in the present study were compared based on their morphology, growth characteristics in culture, and DNA sequences of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene operon (including ITS1, ITS2, 5.8S nrDNA and the first 900 bp of the 28S nrDNA) for all species and partial actin and translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene sequences for Cladosporium species. New species of Mycosphaerella (Mycosphaerellaceae) introduced in this study include M. cerastiicola (on Cerastium semidecandrum, The Netherlands), and M. etlingerae (on Etlingera elatior, Hawaii). Mycosphaerella holualoana is newly reported on Hedychium coronarium (Hawaii). Epitypes are also designated for Hendersonia persooniae, the basionym of Camarosporula persooniae, and for Sphaerella agapanthi, the basionym of Teratosphaeria agapanthi comb. nov. (Teratosphaeriaceae) on Agapathus umbellatus from South Africa. The latter pathogen is also newly recorded from A. umbellatus in Europe (Portugal). Furthermore, two sexual species of Cladosporium (Davidiellaceae) are described, namely C. grevilleae (on Grevillea sp., Australia), and C. silenes (on Silene maritima, UK). Finally, the phylogenetic position of two genera are newly confirmed, namely Camarosporula (based on C. persooniae, teleomorph Anthracostroma persooniae), which is a leaf pathogen of Persoonia spp. in Australia, belongs to the Teratosphaeriaceae, and Sphaerulina (based on S. myriadea), which occurs on leaves of Fagaceae (Carpinus, Castanopsis, Fagus, Quercus), and belongs to the Mycosphaerellaceae

Ευρετικές προσεγγίσεις του μοναδιάστατου προβλήματος πακετοποίησης

Article 59.1, of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (ICN; Melbourne Code), which addresses the nomenclature of pleomorphic fungi, became effective from 30 July 2011. Since that date, each fungal species can have one nomenclaturally correct name in a particular classification. All other previously used names for this species will be considered as synonyms. The older generic epithet takes priority over the younger name. Any widely used younger names proposed for use, must comply with Art. 57.2 and their usage should be approved by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF). In this paper, we list all genera currently accepted by us in Dothideomycetes (belonging to 23 orders and 110 families), including pleomorphic and non-pleomorphic genera. In the case of pleomorphic genera, we follow the rulings of the current ICN and propose single generic names for future usage. The taxonomic placements of 1261 genera are listed as an outline. Protected names and suppressed names for 34 pleomorphic genera are listed separately. Notes and justifications are provided for possible proposed names after the list of genera. Notes are also provided on recent advances in our understanding of asexual and sexual morph linkages in Dothideomycetes. A phylogenetic tree based on four gene analyses supported 23 orders and 75 families, while 35 families still lack molecular data