Effects of thalidomide on the populations of M2 macrophage markers in mouse lung tissues.

<p>A-C, Representative dot plot shows the expression of F4/80(A) in CD45+ cells from lung and CD206(B) and Ym-1(C) in F4/80+ macrophage cells. D-F, The frequencies of total F4/80+ macrophage cells(D) in CD45+ cells, CD206(E), and Ym-1(F) producing F4/80+ macrophage cells are shown. G-H, The levels of M1 (F4/80+ CD11c+CD206-) cells are represented as the frequencies(G) and the CD206 /M1 cells ratio(H) are represented. n = 5–8 for each group. * indicates <i>p</i> < 0.05</p

Effects of thalidomide on the mRNA expressions in mouse lung tissues.

<p>A-D, Real-time RT-PCR was performed to determine the changes in mRNA levels of TNF-α (A), IL-13(B), Eotaxin-1(C) and MUC5AC(D) from lung tissues. The levels of mRNA are represented as the ratio to β-actin. n = 5–8 for each group, * indicates <i>p</i> < 0.05.</p

Effects of thalidomide on the mRNA expressions of M2 macrophage markers in mouse lung tissues.

<p>A-D, Real-time RT-PCR was performed to determine the changes in mRNA levels of Relm-α(A), Arg-1(B), CD206(C) and Ym-1(D) from lung tissues. The levels of mRNA are represented as the ratio to β-actin. n = 5–8 for each group. * indicates <i>p</i> < 0.05, ** indicates <i>p</i> < 0.01.</p

Effects of thalidomide on lung inflammation and AHR by allergen challenges.

<p>A, Experimental protocol of the study. B, The number of inflammatory cells including eosinophils in BALF. C, H&E stain (a-d), ×100) and PAS stain (e-h), ×200) of lung histology after allergen challenge (a,e: PBS; b,f: PBS+Thalidomide; c,g: OVA; d,h: OVA+Thalidomide). * indicates <i>p</i> < 0.05. (D) Methacholine hyperresponsiveness was measured 24 h after the last intranasal challenge, n = 5–8 for each group, the ** indicates <i>p</i> < 0.01. Mch; methacholine bronchial challenge.</p

Effects of thalidomide on the expressions of M2 macrophage markers in mouse alveolar macrophages cell line.

<p>A-C, The mRNA levels of Relm-α(A), Arg-1(B), and CD206(C) were detected in Th2 cytokines stimulated mouse alveolar macrophages cell line. The levels of mRNA are represented as the ratio to β-actin. D-E, The frequencies of CD206(D) or Ym-1(E) were detected in Th2 cytokines stimulated mouse alveolar macrophages cell line using Flow cytometry. * indicates <i>p</i> < 0.05, ** indicates <i>p</i> < 0.01.</p

Effects of thalidomide on serum allergen-specific antibodies.

<p>A-C, The levels of serum OVA-specific IgG2a and IgG1 48h after the last challenge. Serum OVA-specific IgG1 (A), IgG2a levels (B) and IgG1/IgG2a ratio (C) after OVA challenge. n = 5–8 for each group, * indicates <i>p</i> < 0.05.</p

Effects of thalidomide on cytokine protein levels in BALF, Lung draining lymph nodes and spleen.

<p>A-C, The upper low shows the levels of IL-4(A), IL-5(B) and IL-17(C) 48h after the last challenge. The levels were detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. D-G, The lower low shows the frequencies of IL-4(D) and IL-5(E)-producing CD4⁺ T cells 72h after re-stimulated <i>in vitro</i> with OVA protein in draining lymph node cells. The frequencies of IL-4(F) and IFN-γ(G)-producing CD4⁺ T cells 72h after re-stimulated <i>in vitro</i> with OVA protein in spleen cells. The expressions were analyzed using Flow cytometry. n = 5–8 for each group, * indicates <i>p</i> < 0.05.</p

Effect of changing the radiocontrast media (relative to the index reaction) and the interval between the index and breakthrough reactions on the severity of breakthrough reactions under the current system.

*<p>Severity of the breakthrough reaction compared to the severity of the index reaction.</p

Comparison of the previous and current systems in terms of premedication and breakthrough reaction rates in patients with a severe index reaction.

<p>Comparison of the previous and current systems in terms of premedication and breakthrough reaction rates in patients with a severe index reaction.</p

Comparison of the previous and current systems in terms of premedication and breakthrough reaction rates in patients with a mild index reaction.

<p>Comparison of the previous and current systems in terms of premedication and breakthrough reaction rates in patients with a mild index reaction.</p