Energy Flow in the Hadronic Final State of Diffractive and Non-Diffractive Deep-Inelastic Scattering at HERA

An investigation of the hadronic final state in diffractive and non--diffractive deep--inelastic electron--proton scattering at HERA is presented, where diffractive data are selected experimentally by demanding a large gap in pseudo --rapidity around the proton remnant direction. The transverse energy flow in the hadronic final state is evaluated using a set of estimators which quantify topological properties. Using available Monte Carlo QCD calculations, it is demonstrated that the final state in diffractive DIS exhibits the features expected if the interaction is interpreted as the scattering of an electron off a current quark with associated effects of perturbative QCD. A model in which deep--inelastic diffraction is taken to be the exchange of a pomeron with partonic structure is found to reproduce the measurements well. Models for deep--inelastic $ep$ scattering, in which a sizeable diffractive contribution is present because of non--perturbative effects in the production of the hadronic final state, reproduce the general tendencies of the data but in all give a worse description.Comment: 22 pages, latex, 6 Figures appended as uuencoded fil

Jets and energy flow in photon-proton collisions at HERA

Properties of the hadronic final state in photoproduction events with large transverse energy are studied at the electron-proton collider HERA. Distributions of the transverse energy, jets and underlying event energy are compared to \overline{p}p data and QCD calculations. The comparisons show that the \gamma p events can be consistently described by QCD models including -- in addition to the primary hard scattering process -- interactions between the two beam remnants. The differential jet cross sections d\sigma/dE_T^{jet} and d\sigma/d\eta^{jet} are measured

The Base of the Pyramid

This chapter provides a brief background to the Base of the Pyramid (BoP) phenomenon. It begins with a discussion on what sets the BoP markets apart from more traditional markets and why companies have not identified them as a business opportunity. The chapter then provides an overview of how attention for the BoP developed. Consequently it explains how initial critique led to further progress in thinking about how companies can do business with the poor (particular attention being paid to the BoP Protocol™). The chapter finally discusses the place of BoP research in wider business academics and shows how it relates to social entrepreneurship and corporate social responsibility. Two important questions that underlie the topic of this book concern what makes the BoP different from other more traditional markets, and why companies have not noticed the opportunities in these markets earlier. These questions are not easy to answer, require extensive study and principally fall outside the scope of this book. However, because of the central importance to gaining a better idea what strategic challenges companies are confronted with at the BoP, it is imperative to provide a basic clarification of what separates these markets from others. Without delving into the panoply of literature on development economics, the institutional approach seems to offer a parsimonious explanation of the poverty predicament at the macro-level

Introduction

For over 50 years Western initiatives to alleviate poverty were driven by a dominant logic that was based on the assumption that poor people were victims that needed to be helped by large-scale development aid projects to break the “vicious circle of poverty”. The late Peter Bauer said (1987: 30): “according to this notion, stagnation and poverty are necessarily self-perpetuating: poor people [. . .] are trapped in their poverty, and cannot generate sufficient savings to escape from the trap.” Development solutions were therefore often focused on the principle of distributive justice by offering aid and credit rather than on the actual development of sustainable wealth-creating institutions in the private sector. Contemporary approaches to the problem of dire poverty seem novel (such as those of Jeffrey Sachs [2005], Director of the UN Millennium Project), but have been criticized at the same time for being “more of the same” and having a lack of an implementation strategy (Easterly, 2006). Although Bauer (1954) already noticed in the 1950s that entrepreneurial activities were taking place in Western Africa and that this contributed much more to economic development than government command, his vision was eccentric and off the mark (Yergin & Stanislaw, 2002)

Development of products with high nutritional value from the production of Canna in Reunion

Canna edulis, une plante amylacée pluriannuelle, de la famille Cannaceae, originaire d'Amérique du Sud, accumule de l'amidon dans son rhizome. L'objectif des travaux de thèse est d'étudier la culture du Canna à La Réunion en fonction des conditions pédoclimatiques et des saisons avec caractérisation de la qualité des rhizomes selon ses stades de développements. Sept parcelles expérimentales sont suivies sur deux sites contrastés : la Plaine des Palmistes et Bassin Plat. Tout au long de la croissance des plants, des données sont enregistrées sur la qualité des sols, la pluviométrie, les températures moyennes, et le rayonnement pour caractériser les sites. Des indicateurs de stades de développements sont suivis pour informer de l'état de maturité des plants et évaluer l'effet des conditions pédoclimatiques sur leur développement. Des échantillonnages réguliers sont réalisés pour caractériser le développement et la composition des rhizomes mais également les propriétés technologiques et intérêts nutritionnels en fonction de leurs maturités. C'est ainsi que des dosages d’amidons, de sucres libres, en lien avec la viscosité et la gélatinisation, de même que les teneurs en composés phénoliques et leur activité antioxydantes, ont été évalués sur plusieurs types de produits intermédiaires : rhizomes lyophilisés, amidons ou fibres alimentaires. Outre son caractère innovant dans le domaine des procédés d'extraction d’amidon à forte valeur ajoutée, la particularité de ce travail de thèse réside dans le fait qu'il s'inscrit dans le cadre plus vaste de mise en place de la filière Canna et de sa valorisation agronomique, technologique et nutritionnelle.Canna edulis, is a multiannual plant, from the Cannaceae family, originating from South America, that accumulate starch in its rhizome. This thesis work aims to study Canna’s culture on Réunion Island depending on soil, climate and season specificities using rhizome quality changes depending on the plants development stages. Seven experimental crops were followed at two contrasted sites: La Plaine des Palmistes and Bassin Plat. During plant growth, soil quality, rain, mean temperatures and solar radiation data were collected in order to characterize the planting locations. Development stage indicators were monitored to enlighten plants maturity status and evaluate soil and climate effects on their development. Regular samplings were scheduled to characterize the rhizomes development and composition but also their technological properties and nutritional interests as influenced by their maturity. Thus, starch, free sugars, viscosity, gel formation properties as well as phenolics contents and their antioxidant activities were evaluated on several intermediate products namely freeze-dried rhizomes, starches and dietary fibers. Besides its innovative nature on the high-valued starch extraction process field, this thesis particularity relies on the fact that it is integrated in the wide project of Canna culture settlement and its agronomic, technologic and nutritional enhancement

The Base of the Pyramid

Contains fulltext : 131854.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)This chapter provides a brief background to the Base of the Pyramid (BoP) phenomenon. It begins with a discussion on what sets the BoP markets apart from more traditional markets and why companies have not identified them as a business opportunity. The chapter then provides an overview of how attention for the BoP developed. Consequently it explains how initial critique led to further progress in thinking about how companies can do business with the poor (particular attention being paid to the BoP Protocol™). The chapter finally discusses the place of BoP research in wider business academics and shows how it relates to social entrepreneurship and corporate social responsibility. Two important questions that underlie the topic of this book concern what makes the BoP different from other more traditional markets, and why companies have not noticed the opportunities in these markets earlier. These questions are not easy to answer, require extensive study and principally fall outside the scope of this book. However, because of the central importance to gaining a better idea what strategic challenges companies are confronted with at the BoP, it is imperative to provide a basic clarification of what separates these markets from others. Without delving into the panoply of literature on development economics, the institutional approach seems to offer a parsimonious explanation of the poverty predicament at the macro-level