The Energetic Particle Detector (EPD) Investigation and the Energetic Ion Spectrometer (EIS) for the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) Mission

Abstract The Energetic Particle Detector (EPD) Investigation is one of 5 fields-and-particles investigations on the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission. MMS comprises 4 spacecraft flying in close formation in highly elliptical, near-Earth-equatorial orbits targeting understanding of the fundamental physics of the important physical process called magnetic reconnection using Earth’s magnetosphere as a plasma laboratory. EPD comprises two sensor types, the Energetic Ion Spectrometer (EIS) with one instrument on each of the 4 spacecraft, and the Fly’s Eye Energetic Particle Spectrometer (FEEPS) with 2 instruments on each of the 4 spacecraft. EIS measures energetic ion energy, angle and elemental compositional distributions from a required low energy limit of 20 keV for protons and 45 keV for oxygen ions, up to \u3e0.5 MeV (with capabilities to measure up to \u3e1 MeV). FEEPS measures instantaneous all sky images of energetic electrons from 25 keV to \u3e0.5 MeV, and also measures total ion energy distributions from 45 keV to \u3e0.5 MeV to be used in conjunction with EIS to measure all sky ion distributions. In this report we describe the EPD investigation and the details of the EIS sensor. Specifically we describe EPD-level science objectives, the science and measurement requirements, and the challenges that the EPD team had in meeting these requirements. Here we also describe the design and operation of the EIS instruments, their calibrated performances, and the EIS in-flight and ground operations. Blake et al. (The Flys Eye Energetic Particle Spectrometer (FEEPS) contribution to the Energetic Particle Detector (EPD) investigation of the Magnetospheric Magnetoscale (MMS) Mission, this issue) describe the design and operation of the FEEPS instruments, their calibrated performances, and the FEEPS in-flight and ground operations. The MMS spacecraft will launch in early 2015, and over its 2-year mission will provide comprehensive measurements of magnetic reconnection at Earth’s magnetopause during the 18 months that comprise orbital phase 1, and magnetic reconnection within Earth’s magnetotail during the about 6 months that comprise orbital phase 2

Composição florística e estrutura de uma unidade de manejo florestal sustentável na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, Pará Floristic composition and structure of a sustainable forest management unit at Tapajos National Forest, Para, Brazil

Neste trabalho são discutidos aspectos da composição florística e da estrutura de um povoamento de floresta ombrófila densa submetido a práticas de exploração madeireira de impacto reduzido. O estudo foi conduzido numa unidade de manejo florestal com aproximadamente 3.200 ha, instalada na porção norte da Floresta Nacional do Tapajós (estado do Pará), onde foram extraídos, em média, 23,7 m³ de madeira por hectare. Para representar a variabilidade existente na área experimental, foram estabelecidas aleatoriamente seis parcelas amostrais de um hectare em diferentes quadras de exploração. As análises florístico-estruturais foram realizadas em duas escalas distintas com vistas a atender objetivos específicos: (a) em nível de unidade de manejo, para uma caracterização global do povoamento florestal no qual serão baseados estudos subseqüentes; e (b) em nível de parcela amostral, para subsidiar o estudo de dados de sensoriamento remoto frente às variações florístico-estruturais observadas. O conjunto de resultados obtidos indicou que a unidade de manejo florestal apresenta uma elevada diversidade florística no componente arbóreo (índice de Shannon-Weaver igual a 4,22). Observou-se que o povoamento é caracterizado pela concentração de uma grande quantidade de indivíduos e espécies em poucas famílias botânicas e por um número elevado de espécies localmente raras. A análise das variações florístico-estruturais entre parcelas amostrais evidenciou diferenças estatísticas significativas quanto à diversidade e a similaridade de espécies e quanto a valores médios de altura total. Adicionalmente, observou-se certa variabilidade nos padrões estruturais em termos de distribuição diamétrica e de valores estimados de volume comercial de madeira.<br>In this work we discuss aspects of the floristic composition and structure of a stand of dense tropical rain forest subjected to low-impact logging practices. We conducted the study in a 3,200 ha forest management unit located in the north portion of the Tapajos National Forest (Para, Brazil), where a mean timber volume of 23.7 m³.ha-1 had been extracted. To represent the variability existing within the experimental area, we randomly selected six 1 ha sample plots in different exploitation blocks. The floristic-structural analyses were made at two distinct scales: (a) at a management unit level, for a global characterization of the forest stand in which later studies will be performed; and (b) at a sample plot level, to aid the study of remote sensing data, given the observed floristic-structural variations. The results showed that the forest management unit hosts a high floristic diversity (Shannon-Weaver index equals 4.22). The stand is characterized by a high individuals/species concentration in few botanical families, and by a high number of locally rare species. Analysis of the floristic-structural variations between sample plots showed statistically significant differences in species diversity and similarity, and in mean total height values. In addition, we noted significant variability in the structural metrics such as the distribution of diameters and the estimated timber volume