Some Comparative Anatomical Studies on the Laryngeal Muscles and Cavity of Buffaloes, Camels and Donkeys

The aim of this study was to compare between the laryngeal muscles and cavity in buffaloes, camels and donkeys. A total of 30 larynxes (10 larynxes from each species) were subjected to study. In the three species, the laryngeal muscles were similar to those of other domestic animals, but the hyoepiglotticus muscle of camel was remarkably longer. Although the thyroarytenoideus muscle was undivided in the buffalo and camel, the slightly deeper lateral ventricle in camel, allowed the muscle anterior part to be covered with mucous membrane forming the vestibular fold. The laryngeal cavity of donkey was characterized by the presence of lateral laryngeal saccule that located between the two separate parts of thyroarytenoideus muscle, the vestibular and vocal muscles; the presence of two small pouches on both sides of median laryngeal recess, and the cuneiform tubercle, which was a mucosal elevation that covered the cuneiform process. This study will fill a gap in the field of comparative anatomy and help other clinical investigation applied on these animals

Some Comparative Anatomical and Histological Studies on the Laryngeal Cartilages of Buffaloes, Camels and Donkeys

Comparative studies concerned the upper air ways of domestic animals are few. So this study was carried out to compare between the larynx of buffaloes, camels and donkeys. The present investigation was carried out on 39 larynxes, 13 larynxes (7 males, 6 females) of each species. Ten heads from each species were used for gross anatomical study; the remained three heads were used for the histological study. Results revealed that, the laryngeal cartilages of the three species were consisted of three single cartilages; the thyroid, the cricoid and the epiglottis, and two paired cartilages; the arytenoid and the corniculate. The cuneiform cartilages were paired cartilages present only in the larynx of the donkey. Thyroid, arytenoid and cricoid cartilages were of hyaline type, while the epiglottis, cuniform and corniculate cartilages and the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage were of elastic type. The laryngeal epithelium of aditus laryngis, greater part of epiglottis and vocal folds was lined by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The remained parts of laryngeal epithelium from base of epiglottis and entire parts caudal to vocal folds were lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells. The laryngeal glands of lamina propria were of mixed types in buffaloes and donkeys but in camels it was pure mucous glands. This study will fill a gap in the field of comparative anatomy and help other clinical investigation applied on these animals

Comparative Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity in Buffaloes, Camels and Donkeys.

The aim of this study was to reveal the comparative anatomy of the nasal cavity in buffaloes, donkeys and camels. It was carried out on 30 heads of apparently healthy adult animals, 10of each species. Heads were fixed and used for gross and cross sectional anatomy. The study provided information about the peculiarities of nasal anatomy in each species. The conchal arrangement was greatly different in camels, while that of buffaloes and donkeys were similar to other ruminants and equine. In camels, the nasal conchae were condensed in the caudal two thirds, the ventral nasal concha was shorter and twisted and the alar and basal folds were raised from a common extension. Camels have a vestibular pouch known as lateral nasal diverticulum. It was a cylindrical tube anatomically different from the nasal diverticulum of donkeys and other equine. The cartilaginous skeleton of narial aperture was reduced in donkeys and camels. Moreover, the rostral portion of nasal septum in camels was formed of muscles instead of cartilage. In the three species, vomeronasal organ and dorsal and ventral swelling bodies were present on both sides of the nasal septum. However, in camels the vomeronasal organ was notably longer and wider. In conclusion, the anatomy of camel nasal cavity in contrast to other domestic animals was presented interesting anatomical features similar to those of proboscis-bearing mammals

Some Comparative Anatomical and Histological Studies on the Laryngeal Cartilages of Buffaloes, Camels and Donkeys

Comparative studies concerned the upper air ways of domestic animals are few. So this study was carried out to compare between the larynx of buffaloes, camels and donkeys. The present investigation was carried out on 39 larynxes, 13 larynxes (7 males, 6 females) of each species. Ten heads from each species were used for gross anatomical study; the remained three heads were used for the histological study. Results revealed that, the laryngeal cartilages of the three species were consisted of three single cartilages; the thyroid, the cricoid and the epiglottis, and two paired cartilages; the arytenoid and the corniculate. The cuneiform cartilages were paired cartilages present only in the larynx of the donkey. Thyroid, arytenoid and cricoid cartilages were of hyaline type, while the epiglottis, cuniform and corniculate cartilages and the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage were of elastic type. The laryngeal epithelium of aditus laryngis, greater part of epiglottis and vocal folds was lined by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The remained parts of laryngeal epithelium from base of epiglottis and entire parts caudal to vocal folds were lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells. The laryngeal glands of lamina propria were of mixed types in buffaloes and donkeys but in camels it was pure mucous glands. This study will fill a gap in the field of comparative anatomy and help other clinical investigation applied on these animals

Comparative Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity in Buffaloes, Camels and Donkeys.

The aim of this study was to reveal the comparative anatomy of the nasal cavity in buffaloes, donkeys and camels. It was carried out on 30 heads of apparently healthy adult animals, 10of each species. Heads were fixed and used for gross and cross sectional anatomy. The study provided information about the peculiarities of nasal anatomy in each species. The conchal arrangement was greatly different in camels, while that of buffaloes and donkeys were similar to other ruminants and equine. In camels, the nasal conchae were condensed in the caudal two thirds, the ventral nasal concha was shorter and twisted and the alar and basal folds were raised from a common extension. Camels have a vestibular pouch known as lateral nasal diverticulum. It was a cylindrical tube anatomically different from the nasal diverticulum of donkeys and other equine. The cartilaginous skeleton of narial aperture was reduced in donkeys and camels. Moreover, the rostral portion of nasal septum in camels was formed of muscles instead of cartilage. In the three species, vomeronasal organ and dorsal and ventral swelling bodies were present on both sides of the nasal septum. However, in camels the vomeronasal organ was notably longer and wider. In conclusion, the anatomy of camel nasal cavity in contrast to other domestic animals was presented interesting anatomical features similar to those of proboscis-bearing mammals

Some Comparative Anatomical Studies on the Laryngeal Muscles and Cavity of Buffaloes, Camels and Donkeys

The aim of this study was to compare between the laryngeal muscles and cavity in buffaloes, camels and donkeys. A total of 30 larynxes (10 larynxes from each species) were subjected to study. In the three species, the laryngeal muscles were similar to those of other domestic animals, but the hyoepiglotticus muscle of camel was remarkably longer. Although the thyroarytenoideus muscle was undivided in the buffalo and camel, the slightly deeper lateral ventricle in camel, allowed the muscle anterior part to be covered with mucous membrane forming the vestibular fold. The laryngeal cavity of donkey was characterized by the presence of lateral laryngeal saccule that located between the two separate parts of thyroarytenoideus muscle, the vestibular and vocal muscles; the presence of two small pouches on both sides of median laryngeal recess, and the cuneiform tubercle, which was a mucosal elevation that covered the cuneiform process. This study will fill a gap in the field of comparative anatomy and help other clinical investigation applied on these animals