Pattern, Structure And Formation Of Activity Space In Hinterland Resorts: A Study Of Barbados

This thesis seeks to uncover the factors, regularities, and tendencies which govern and describe activity space pattern, structure, and formation in small tourism-dependent areas of the world economic periphery (hinterland resorts). Tourist/resident socio-spatial relations are viewed in the context of activity participation, the patronage of attractions, and the social profiles of tourists and residents. It is considered important that the nature of international tourism presents a special problem in the investigation of activity space; the massive influx of metropolitan visitors to hinterland resorts dramatises and localises the First World-Third World relationship. The activity spaces of tourists and residents, based on various measures of visitation at attractions, are mapped. These perspectives are then synthesized into a single picture of tourist and resident activity space, via the notion of person-time. The structure of the activity spaces is then investigated in terms of the factors which describe participation and visitation, and the factors which discriminate between tourist space and resident space. The judgements of tourists and residents, concerning the perception of each group by the other along bi-polar constructs, are used to evaluate the objective prior distinction (activity spaces) and to pinpoint the constructs that tourists associate with residents and resident places and residents with tourists and tourist places. It is shown that even though tourists and residents do not use the constructs identically, the dimensionality implied in tourist space and resident space remains intact. Finally, the social affiliations of tourists and residents are used to demonstrate how tourist space and resident space manifest themselves socially, and to show the social nature of activity space formation

Silence, assent and HIV risk

Based on interviews with 34 men, almost all of whom have unprotected sex with men most or all of the time, this paper documents the interactional process, narrative elements, and meaning construction in situations of ‘bareback’ sex. Narratives show the differentiated cultural capital circulating among distinct circuits of gay and bisexual men that define the taken-for-granted rules of conduct for sexual interactions and give rise to high risk situations. Many of the positive men speak of being part of a social environment where ‘everybody knows’ a set of rules whereby sex without condoms can happen as a default circumstance to be interrupted only when a partner asserts a need to protect himself. The practical reasoning processes and interactional back-and-forth in the unfolding of sexual interactions, both on the internet and in person, show the uneven and fallible accomplishment of sero-sorting and the generation of situations of high HIV risk and vulnerability when men from different micro-cultures encounter each other

Effects of the criminalization of HIV transmission in Cuerrier on men reporting unprotected sex with men

This paper reports on the perceptions and practices of men who have frequent unprotected sex with men in a socio-legal environment defined by the 1998 decision of the Supreme Court of Canada in R. v. Cuerrier. HIV-positive people are increasingly finding themselves in court since Cuerrier and many are trying to take account of legal reasoning in their own conduct. The judicial construction of behaviour likely to transmit HIV relies on a set of presumptions concerning individual responsibility, rational and contractual interaction, and consenting adults that raise a series of ambiguities and uncertainties among HIV-positive people attempting to implement them in everyday life. While some express support for the reasoning in Cuerrier, others struggle with practical dilemmas in sexual interaction, and a minority strand of ethical reasoning advances a “buyer beware” principle. This latter view occurs in a social environment where HIV-positive people experience strong disincentives to disclose in the face of potential rejection or discrimination once their sero-status is known. Examination of the social consequences of Cuerrier raises questions about the viability of relying on the enforcement of disclosure, through threat of criminal prosecution, as an effective method of HIV prevention, especially when most practical, day-to-day HIV prevention occurs when safer sex is practised consistently regardless of disclosure

Is Any Job Better than No Job? Labor Market Experiences and Depressive Symptoms in People Living with HIV

The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between the psychosocial work environment and labor market experiences (including unemployment) on mental health among adults living with HIV. We used data provided by 538 participants at clinical and community sites across Ontario, Canada. Generalized estimating equation models showed that employment was associated with lower depressive symptoms. For employed participants, adverse psychosocial work conditions, specifically job insecurity, psychological demands, and decision authority were associated with depressive symptoms. For the entire sample, the number of adverse psychosocial work conditions was associated with higher depressive symptoms while participants working in poor quality jobs reported similar levels of depressive symptoms than those who were unemployed or not in the labor force. This study showed that poor quality employment (as assessed by having a high number of adverse psychosocial work exposures) was associated with a similar level of depressive symptoms as unemployment, suggesting that “bad jobs” may not offer the same mental health benefits as “good jobs.” Policies to improve employment outcomes should take the quality of employment into account to maximize mental health benefits as better employment may lead to better mental health

The Genesis of Tourism in Barbados: further notes on the welcoming society

It is proposed that in the Caribbean in general, and in Barbados in particular, the development of a tourism sector in the present period does not constitute a new nor original phenomenon with a particular capacity for social and economic transformation. Rather, the tourism sector in Barbados is perhaps the inevitable outcome of a certain attitude -a predisposition to 'welcome' -which always had an important social and political function. Barbados is therefore seen as a 'welcoming society' in which, although it would seem that the inhabitants were naturally inclined towards abundant hospitality, the welcome was a product of the social superstructure and subsequently enhanced the reproduction of the social, economic, and political rigidities of Barbadian society

Practicing responsible tourism : international case studies in tourism planning, policy, and development

xiii, 590 p. ; 24 cm

Factors Associated with Condom Knowledge, Attitude, and Use among Black Heterosexual Men in Ontario, Canada

African, Caribbean, and black (ACB) men living in Canada share a heightened risk of HIV infection and the associated risk factors such as suboptimal use of family planning services such as condom use. In this study, we assessed the factors associated with knowledge, attitude, and condom use among ACB men in Ontario. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study that surveyed heterosexual ACB men regardless of their residency status living in Ontario (n = 430). This is a part of a larger mixed methods study informed by critical race theory, intersectionality, and community-based participatory research (CBPR). Outcome variables were knowledge of condom use, attitude towards condom use, and actual use of condom during the last 12 months. Results. Of 430 participants, 77.70% has good knowledge of condom use as a protection against HIV transmission, 31.77% had positive attitude towards condom use, and 62.43% reported using condom regularly with casual partners during the last 12 months. Men who were currently married had more positive attitude towards condom use compared with their unmarried counterparts (odds ratio = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.20, 1.78). Canadian residents were found to have higher odds of having correct knowledge of condom (odds ratio = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.11, 1.55), and positive attitude towards condom use (odds ratio = 1.44, 95%CI = 1.09, 1.92). Men who visited sexual health clinics showed a positive association with having correct knowledge of condom (odds ratio = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.30, 2.44) and reported experiences of difficulty in accessing sexual health. This showed a negative association towards condom use (odds ratio = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.21, 0.97]. Conclusion. A considerable percentage of heterosexual ACB men did not have correct knowledge regarding the protective effect of condom use against HIV and positive attitude towards the use of condom. Several sociodemographic and healthcare-related factors were significantly associated with knowledge, attitude, and use of condom.Peer Reviewe

Deregulation and the Racial Composition of Airlines

Economic theory suggests that the enhanced product market competition of deregulation reduces employers' ability to discriminate when hiring. Recent studies of the effect of deregulation on racial employment in the naturally competitive trucking industry find that deregulation increased minority employment. This study examines the effect of deregulation on racial employment in the airline industry. Because deregulation transformed airlines from wasteful service competition to rigorous price competition, deregulation's effect on racial hiring in this continuously competitive industry is not apparent. This study finds that deregulation only modestly changed the racial composition of major airline occupations, which suggests that the change in market structure as a result of deregulation may largely determine the effect of regulatory reform on the racial composition of an industry. © 2001 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.