Opioid Nature Of Learned Helplessness And Stress Induced Analgesia Observed Without Re-exposure To Shock.

It has been shown that uncontrollable shocks that produce learned helplessness also produce long-term opioid analgesia if th animal is re-exposed to shock immediately before the test. The present study was conducted in order to investigate if this effect can be observed 24h after the uncontrollable shock treatment without re-exposure to shock, and if it is opioid mediated. Long-term analgesia was found in the absence of re-exposure to shock, and was prevented by an i.p. injection of naloxone (10mg/kg) administered 10min before the test. The learned helplessness effect produced by the same shock treatment was prevented by the administration of 10 and 20mg/kg of naloxone 10min before the shuttlebox test, but not by a lower naloxone dose (5mg/kg). These findings suggest that the shock re-exposure requirement proposed in previous studies is not crucial in determining the long-term analgesia, and that both the long-term analgesia and the learned helplessness effect produced by this shock treatment were opioid mediated.3117-12

Learned helplessness: Effects of response requirement and interval between treatment and testing

Three experiments investigated learned helplessness in rats manipulating response requirements, shock duration, and intervals between treatment and testing. In Experiment 1, rats previously exposed to uncontrollable or no shocks were tested under one of four different contingencies of negative reinforcement: FR 1 or FR 2 escape contingency for running, and FR1 escape contingency for jumping (differing for the maximum shock duration of 10 s or 30 s). The results showed that the uncontrollable shocks produced a clear operant learning deficit (learned helplessness effect) only when the animals were tested under the jumping FR 1 escape contingency with 10-s max shock duration. Experiment 2 isolated of the effects of uncontrollability from shock exposure per se and showed that the escape deficit observed using the FR 1 escape jumping response (10-s shock duration) was produced by the uncontrollability of shock. Experiment 3 showed that using the FR 1 jumping escape contingency in the test, the learned helplessness effect was observed one, 14 or 28 days after treatment. These results suggest that running may not be an appropriate test for learned helplessness, and that many diverging results found in the literature might be accounted for by the confounding effects of respondent and operant contingencies present when running is required of rats. 2007

Learned helplessness in the rat: Effect of response topography in a within-subject design

Three experiments investigated learned helplessness in rats manipulating response topography within-subject and different intervals between treatment and tests among groups. In Experiment 1, rats previously exposed to inescapable shocks were tested under an escape contingency where either jumping or nose poking was required to terminate shocks; tests were run either 1, 14 or 28 days after treatment. Most rats failed to jump, as expected, but learned to nose poke, regardless of the interval between treatment and tests and order of testing. The same results were observed in male and female rats from a different laboratory (Experiment 2) and despite increased exposure to the escape contingencies using a within-subject design (Experiment 3). Furthermore, no evidence of helplessness reversal was observed, since animals failed to jump even after having learned to nose-poke in a previous test session. These results are not consistent with a learned helplessness hypothesis, which claims that shock (un)controllability is the key variable responsible for the effect. They are nonetheless consistent with the view that inescapable shocks enhance control by irrelevant features of the relationship between the environment and behavior. 2010 Elsevier B.V

Variabilidade comportamental em humanos: efeitos de regras e contingências

Dois experimentos investigaram, com estudantes universitários, a variabilidade aprendida. No Experimento 1, quatro grupos (n = 5) foram submetidos a dois esquemas de reforçamento para seqüências de respostas de pressão às teclas P e Q do computador. Para o grupo Variabilidade (VAR) o reforçamento era dependente do alto grau de variação entre as seqüências, e para o grupo Acoplado (ACO) o reforçamento independia dessa variabilidade. Foram manipuladas a ordem de apresentação dessas contingências e o intervalo entre elas (0 e 3 meses). No Experimento 2, essas contingências foram combinadas a instruções verbais (regras) que as descreviam correta ou incorretamente (quatro grupos, n = 5). Os resultados mostraram: 1) maior variabilidade em VAR, independente das demais variáveis manipuladas, 2) desempenho em ACO afetado parcialmente pela ordem das contingências, pelo intervalo e pelas regras. Em ambos os estudos, os sujeitos não foram capazes de descrever as contingências em vigor. Esses resultados indicam o controle operante da variabilidade observada

Análise da noção de variabilidade comportamental

O presente trabalho faz uma análise do conceito de variabilidade comportamental com o objetivo de padronizar as diferentes definições e usos do termo. Propomos: 1) uma definição que recorra ao ponto comum dentre os diversos conceitos de variabilidade existentes na literatura, e 2) a descrição e sistematização dos aspectos específicos de cada uso do termo, utilizando os seguintes critérios: conteúdo e estrutura de cada conceito, níveis de análise empírico/teórico, molar/molecular, e tipos de medida e códigos com que são especificados. Essa análise é uma tentativa inicial para a construção de uma taxonomia da variabilidade comportamental