Injecting Image Details into CLIP's Feature Space

Although CLIP-like Visual Language Models provide a functional joint feature space for image and text, due to the limitation of the CILP-like model's image input size (e.g., 224), subtle details are lost in the feature representation if we input high-resolution images (e.g., 2240). In this work, we introduce an efficient framework that can produce a single feature representation for a high-resolution image that injects image details and shares the same semantic space as the original CLIP. In the framework, we train a feature fusing model based on CLIP features extracted from a carefully designed image patch method that can cover objects of any scale, weakly supervised by image-agnostic class prompted queries. We validate our framework by retrieving images from class prompted queries on the real world and synthetic datasets, showing significant performance improvement on these tasks. Furthermore, to fully demonstrate our framework's detail retrieval ability, we construct a CLEVR-like synthetic dataset called CLVER-DS, which is fully annotated and has a controllable object scale

Nitrogen-induced metabolic changes and molecular determinants of carbon allocation in Dunaliella tertiolecta

10.1038/srep37235Scientific Reports61-1

Channel Measurement, Modeling, and Simulation for 6G: A Survey and Tutorial

The sixth generation (6G) mobile communications have attracted substantial attention in the global research community of information and communication technologies (ICT). 6G systems are expected to support not only extended 5G usage scenarios, but also new usage scenarios, such as integrated sensing and communication (ISAC), integrated artificial intelligence (AI) and communication, and communication and ubiquitous connectivity. To realize this goal, channel characteristics must be comprehensively studied and properly exploited, so as to promote the design, standardization, and optimization of 6G systems. In this paper, we first summarize the requirements and challenges in 6G channel research. Our focus is on channels for five promising technologies enabling 6G, including terahertz (THz), extreme MIMO (E-MIMO), ISAC, reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), and space-air-ground integrated network (SAGIN). Then, a survey of the progress of the 6G channel research regarding the above five promising technologies is presented in terms of the latest measurement campaigns, new characteristics, modeling methods, and research prospects. Moreover, a tutorial on the 6G channel simulations is presented. We introduce the BUPTCMG- 6G, a 6G link-level channel simulator, developed based on the ITU/3GPP 3D geometry-based stochastic model (GBSM) methodology. The simulator supports the channel simulation of the aforementioned 6G potential technologies. To facilitate the use of the simulator, the tutorial encompasses the design framework, user guidelines, and application examples. This paper offers in-depth, hands-on insights into the best practices of channel measurements, modeling, and simulations for the evaluation of 6G technologies, the development of 6G standards, and the implementation and optimization of 6G systems.Comment: 41 pages,52 figure

Nematodes and Microorganisms Interactively Stimulate Soil Organic Carbon Turnover in the Macroaggregates

The intra-aggregate architecture of soil macroaggregates provides suitable microhabitats for nematodes to graze on microorganisms. However, it is not fully clear how nematodes and microbial communities interactively mediate soil organic carbon (SOC) turnover. Here, we aimed to illustrate the relationships between nematodes, microbial community, and SOC turnover in the macroaggregates of a red soil receiving long-term manure application. Soil macroaggregates (>2 mm) were sampled from an 11-year field experiment including four manure treatments: no manure (M0), low manure rate (M1), high manure rate (M2), and high manure rate with lime (M3). The abundances of nematodes and microbial communities were substantially increased under manure treatments. Bacterivores dominated under the M2 and M3 treatments, while plant parasites were enriched under the M1 treatment. Phospholipid fatty acid analysis indicated that the ratio of bacteria to fungi significantly increased, but the ratio of Gram-positive bacteria to Gram-negative bacteria declined with the increasing manure addition. Random forest modeling showed that soil porosity had a primary effect on nematode assemblages, while pH and SOC contributed profoundly to the structure of the microbial community and carbon metabolic capacity. Structural equation modeling suggested that nematode grazing promoted carbon metabolic activities predominantly due to increased microbial biomass. Taken together, the mechanistic understanding of nematode-microorganism interactions may have important implications for improving soil fertility by nematode-mediated microbial processes

CONCAVE DISTORTIONS AND CHOQUET INTEGRALS

Bachelor'sBACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS

Hydrocyclones for the separation of yeast and protein particles

The development and operation of hydrocyclone designs for the separation of solid particles from liquid with low time constant, such as removing yeast from beer and protein particles from wort in the brewing industry, are investigated. Nylon powder in water is used for preliminary study of solid-liquid separation. Fixed brewing yeast in sucrose water solution is mainly used in laboratory tests to model the conditions near the brewing site. Fresh wort and healthy baking yeast in DYPG and brewing yeast in beer are also used.The work investigated the effects upon hydrocyclone performance of material parameters (particle size, concentration and temperature of dispersions), operating parameters (feed flowrate or pressure drop, split ratio) and geometrical parameters (hydrocyclone type, inlet size, outlet size, relative length, outer diameter and end shape of vortex finder). Understanding of these effects is reinforced by the analysis of flowfield and residence time distribution inside hydrocyclones.Among a variety of hydrocyclones tested, Colman-Thew hydrocyclone is found to give far better separation of yeast than others. Through the modification of the hydrocyclone, the yield or split ratio F is increased by 25% without fall in clarification efficiency at given pressure drop. Systematic study on geometrical effects shows that the separation performance can be further improved. Calculations for suggested hydrocyclone network indicate that both good clarification and high yield should be attainable.The size of outlet is found to have a weak effect on separation performance at given feed flowrate when back pressure is applied, whilst the effect of the relative length of a hydrocyclone depends on hydrocyclone size and the value of time constant of dispersions. Correlations between operating and geometrical parameters are demonstrated. With the application of the hydrocyclone for use with other mixtures and dispersions in mind, a relation between the relative length, hydrocyclone size and the time constant is developed by which hydrocyclone performance or relative length may be predicted. And a general procedure of designing or developing hydrocyclones is presented.</p

Experimental Parametric Investigation of Nanosecond Laser-Induced Surface Graphitization of Nano-Crystalline Diamond

While nano-crystalline diamond (NCD) is a promising engineering composite material for its unique mechanical properties, achieving the ultrahigh surface quality of NCD-based components through conventional grinding and polishing is challenging due to its exceptional hardness and brittleness. In the present work, we experimentally investigate the nanosecond laser ablation-induced graphitization characteristics of NCD, which provides a critical pretreatment method of NCD for realizing its superlative surface finish. Specifically, systematic experimental investigations of the nanosecond pulsed laser ablation of NCD are carried out, in which the characteristics of graphitization are qualitatively characterized by the Raman spectroscopy detection of the ablated area of the microhole and microgroove. Subsequently, the influence of laser processing parameters on the degree and morphological characteristics of graphitization is evaluated based on experimental data and related interpretation, from which optimized parameters for maximizing the graphitization of NCD are then identified. The findings reported in the current work provide guidance for promoting the machinability of NCD via laser irradiation-induced surface modification

Cellular and Molecular Responses of Dunaliella tertiolecta by Expression of a Plant Medium Chain Length Fatty Acid Specific Acyl-ACP Thioesterase

Metabolic engineering of microalgae to accumulate high levels of medium chain length fatty acids (MCFAs) has met with limited success. Traditional approaches employ single introduction of MCFA specific acyl-ACP thioesterases (TEs), but our current research in transgenic Dunaliella tertiolecta line has highlighted that, there is no single rate-limiting approach that can effectively increase MCFA levels. Here, we explore the accumulation of MCFAs in D. tertiolecta after transgenic expression of myristic acid biased TE (C14TE). We observe that the MCFA levels were negatively correlated to the fatty acid (FA) synthesis genes, ketoacyl-ACP synthase II (KASII), stearoyl-CoA-9-desaturase (Δ9D), and oleoyl-CoA-12-desaturase (Δ12D). To further examine the molecular mechanism of MCFA accumulation in microalgae, we investigate the transcriptomic dynamics of the MCFA producing strain of D. tertiolecta. At the transcript level, enhanced MCFA accumulation primarily involved up-regulation of photosynthetic genes and down-regulation of genes from central carbon metabolic processes, resulting in an overall decrease in carbon precursors for FA synthesis. We additionally observe that MCFA specific peroxisomal β-oxidation gene (ACX3) was greatly enhanced to prevent excessive build-up of unusual MCFA levels. Besides, long chain acyl-CoA synthetase gene (LACS) was down-regulated, likely in attempt to control fatty acyl supply flux to FA synthesis cycle. This article provides a spatial regulation model of unusual FA accumulation in microalgae and a platform for additional metabolic engineering targeting pathways from FA synthesis, FA transport, and peroxisomal β-oxidation to achieve microalgae oils with higher levels of MCFAs