THINKING LIKE A LAWYER ABOUT LEGISLATION: IMPLEMENTING LEGISLATIVE DECISION THEORY THROUGH IMPROVED CITATION

The Texas Supreme Court in the late 1990s, in two significant cases, arguably interpreted statutes to achieve a result directly opposite to the Texas Legislature’s decision to adopt a specific text. Why do lawyers and judges struggle when reading and applying legislation, especially when using enactment history? Under Professor Victoria Nourse’s legislative decision theory, the struggle is attributable to the fact that lawyers do not consider the legislature’s institutional rules and procedures to find the proper text to interpret a statute in light of the available legislative evidence. Wider implementation of her theory is hampered by current legal citation practices that mistreat legislative evidence and legislation itself and inhibit legal reasoning when using these authorities. The Bluebook and other citation manuals are designed primarily to enable sophisticated reasoning with case law. This bias is demonstrated by the ways in which the Bluebook has radically altered how lawyers and judges think about federal law with little notice. Legislative decision theory shows how accepted legislative procedures indicate the Texas Supreme Court reached the opposite result decided by the Legislature in each case. Because current legal citation practice did not provide a method for citing the proper legislative action, the court was unable to read the pertinent statutes in light of the relevant legislative evidence. Using Texas as a case study, a detailed review of the legislative process and the legislative evidence it produces demonstrates the need for comprehensive and workable citation practices for legislation. These goals are best achieved by individual states’ issuance of a specialized citation manual, such as a proposed Orangebook for Texas, to prevent recurring, substantial errors made by lawyers and courts in interpreting statutes

Regulation of expression of the human carbonic anhydrase 1 gene

The HCAI gene is expressed in a developmental stage-specific manner and also exhibits tissue-specific expression patterns. This thesis describes the cloning and characterisation of the 5'-end of the HCAI gene which contains a large intron within its 5' untranslated region. S1 nuclease and primer extension analysis were used to define the transcription start site and the site of 3'-end maturation. Bandshift assays have been used to show that there are at least six DNA sequences, based on the consensus [5 '-TT/AATCA/T-3'] and flanking the HCAI gene, which bind the erythroid-specific factor, GF-1. The presence of GF-1 binding sites is shown to increase expression from a eukaryotic promoter in erythroid cells and not in non-erythroid cells. A transient heterokaryon system was set up by fusing the erythroieukaemic cell lines MEL C88 (expressing MCAI ) and K562 SAI (a human cell line with an embryonic / foetal phenotype, not expressing CAI. RNAase mapping of RNA from the fused cells showed activation of the human CAI gene. This indicates the developmental stage-specific expression of HCAI to be regulated by trans-acti ng factors. Expression of HCAI mRNA in colon tissue was confirmed. Furthermore as in the case of mouse CAI, the HCAI colon mRNA is transcribed from a different promoter to erythroid HCAI mRNA

Paper Session II-B - NASA\u27s Heavy-Lift Cargo Launch Vehicle Needs and Options for the Post 2000 Period

This paper presents the HLLV requirements, architectures and concepts. The paper focuses on vehicle options and facility requirements/impacts associated with unmanned heavy-lift cargo vehicles needed to assure future missions can be achieved

Automatic Detection of Electric Power Troubles (ADEPT)

Automatic Detection of Electric Power Troubles (A DEPT) is an expert system that integrates knowledge from three different suppliers to offer an advanced fault-detection system. It is designed for two modes of operation: real time fault isolation and simulated modeling. Real time fault isolation of components is accomplished on a power system breadboard through the Fault Isolation Expert System (FIES II) interface with a rule system developed in-house. Faults are quickly detected and displayed and the rules and chain of reasoning optionally provided on a laser printer. This system consists of a simulated space station power module using direct-current power supplies for solar arrays on three power buses. For tests of the system's ablilty to locate faults inserted via switches, loads are configured by an INTEL microcomputer and the Symbolics artificial intelligence development system. As these loads are resistive in nature, Ohm's Law is used as the basis for rules by which faults are located. The three-bus system can correct faults automatically where there is a surplus of power available on any of the three buses. Techniques developed and used can be applied readily to other control systems requiring rapid intelligent decisions. Simulated modeling, used for theoretical studies, is implemented using a modified version of Kennedy Space Center's KATE (Knowledge-Based Automatic Test Equipment), FIES II windowing, and an ADEPT knowledge base

Automatic Detection of Electric Power Troubles (ADEPT)

ADEPT is an expert system that integrates knowledge from three different suppliers to offer an advanced fault-detection system, and is designed for two modes of operation: real-time fault isolation and simulated modeling. Real time fault isolation of components is accomplished on a power system breadboard through the Fault Isolation Expert System (FIES II) interface with a rule system developed in-house. Faults are quickly detected and displayed and the rules and chain of reasoning optionally provided on a Laser printer. This system consists of a simulated Space Station power module using direct-current power supplies for Solar arrays on three power busses. For tests of the system's ability to locate faults inserted via switches, loads are configured by an INTEL microcomputer and the Symbolics artificial intelligence development system. As these loads are resistive in nature, Ohm's Law is used as the basis for rules by which faults are located. The three-bus system can correct faults automatically where there is a surplus of power available on any of the three busses. Techniques developed and used can be applied readily to other control systems requiring rapid intelligent decisions. Simulated modelling, used for theoretical studies, is implemented using a modified version of Kennedy Space Center's KATE (Knowledge-Based Automatic Test Equipment), FIES II windowing, and an ADEPT knowledge base. A load scheduler and a fault recovery system are currently under development to support both modes of operation

Interleukin-2 shapes the cytotoxic T cell proteome and immune environment sensing programs

Proteomic analysis reveals how the cytokine IL-2 enables cytotoxic T cells to function and respond to their environment.</jats:p

Multiple GF-1 binding sites flank the erythroid specific transcription unit of the human carbonic anhydrase I gene

AbstractSix potential GF-1 sites which bind an erythroid factor are present in the 5' and 3' regions flanking the erythroid-speciflc transcription unit of the human carbonic anhydrase 1 (HCAI) gene. When two of these sites are placed upstream of a minimal eukaryotic promoter they confer upregulated expression in erythroid over non-erythroid cells. The presence of the erythroid factor in TPA-treated HEL cells in which the level of HCAI transcript has greatly decreased and in non-HCAI-expressing K562 cells suggests that in these cases the presence of the factor is not sufficient for HCAI expression

Using Needs Assessment to Understand Continuing Disability in Patients with Enduring Mental Illness. Implications for Considerations of Service Development

Particular strengths of the MRC Needs for Care Assessment Schedule have been used to investigate the treatment status of patients with persistent psychiatric disability in ways that other needs assessment tools are unable to. One hundred and seventy-nine such patients from three settings; a private sector psychiatric hospital, two public sector day hospitals situated in the same town, and a high security hospital, were found to have a high level of need. Although there were differences between settings, overall these needs were well met in all three. The high level of persistent disability found amongst these patients could not be attributed to failure on the part of those treating them to use the best available methods, or to failures to comply or engage with treatment on the patient's part. In some two thirds of instances persistent disability was best explained by the fact that even the most suitable available treatments have to be considered only partially effective