Comment les représentations graphiques parlent-elles du monde industriel ? Les manuels de technologie vus comme des espaces de communication

Technological disciplines such as "Technologie" in "collège"(middle school in France) and as "Sciences et technologies de l'ingénieur" in "lycée" (high school in France) have to be direct connected with the industrial world, according to institutional discourses. Teaching such subjects should be based on "authentic" said supports. How does this purpose become a reality in textbooks?First a review of the French-speaking literature in education will be presented, concerning the analysis of textbooks in various disciplines for twenty years. Among the persistent themes of analysis, we show how some of them can be useful for us to answer this question.In the textbooks which interest us, the graphic representations are particularly numerous. We propose a frame in order to analyze how these refer to practices and documents from industrial world.Les disciplines technologiques telles que la “technologie” (au collège en France) et les “sciences et technologies de ingénieur” (dans la série STI2D du baccalauréat français) ont pour ambition d’être en prise directe avec le monde industriel, en s’appuyant sur des supports d’enseignement dits “authentiques”. Comment cette finalité se concrétise-t-elle dans les manuels scolaires ?Dans notre présentation, nous faisons d’abord une revue de la littérature francophone en éducation portant sur l’analyse des manuels scolaires dans différentes disciplines depuis vingt ans. Parmi les thèmes d’analyse persistants, nous montrerons en quoi certains d’entre eux peuvent nous être utiles pour répondre à cette question.Dans les manuels qui nous intéressent, les représentations graphiques sont particulièrement nombreuses. Nous proposons une grille pour analyser comment celles-ci se réfèrent à des pratiques et des documents issus du monde industriel

Neural Network Verification as Piecewise Linear Optimization: Formulations for the Composition of Staircase Functions

We present a technique for neural network verification using mixed-integer programming (MIP) formulations. We derive a \emph{strong formulation} for each neuron in a network using piecewise linear activation functions. Additionally, as in general, these formulations may require an exponential number of inequalities, we also derive a separation procedure that runs in super-linear time in the input dimension. We first introduce and develop our technique on the class of \emph{staircase} functions, which generalizes the ReLU, binarized, and quantized activation functions. We then use results for staircase activation functions to obtain a separation method for general piecewise linear activation functions. Empirically, using our strong formulation and separation technique, we can reduce the computational time in exact verification settings based on MIP and improve the false negative rate for inexact verifiers relying on the relaxation of the MIP formulation

Strong mixed-integer formulations for the floor layout problem

The floor layout problem (FLP) tasks a designer with positioning a collection of rectangular boxes on a fixed floor in such a way that minimizes total communication costs between the components. While several mixed integer programming (MIP) formulations for this problem have been developed, it remains extremely challenging from a computational perspective. This work takes a systematic approach to constructing MIP formulations and valid inequalities for the FLP that unifies and recovers all known formulations for it. In addition, the approach yields new formulations that can provide a significant computational advantage and can solve previously unsolved instances. While the construction approach focuses on the FLP, it also exemplifies generic formulation techniques that should prove useful for broader classes of problems.United States. National Science Foundation. Graduate Research Fellowship Program (Grant 1122374)United States. National Science Foundation. Graduate Research Fellowship Program (Grant CMMI-1351619