ABCC Transporter Gene <i>MoABC-R1</i> Is Associated with Pyraclostrobin Tolerance in <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i>

Rice blast is a worldwide fungal disease that poses a threat to food security. Fungicide treatment is one of the most effective methods to control rice blast disease. However, the emergence of fungicide tolerance hampers the control efforts against rice blast. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters have been found to be crucial in multidrug tolerance in various phytopathogenic fungi. This study investigated the association between polymorphisms in 50 ABC transporters and pyraclostrobin sensitivity in 90 strains of rice blast fungus. As a result, we identified MoABC-R1, a gene associated with fungicide tolerance. MoABC-R1 belongs to the ABCC-type transporter families. Deletion mutants of MoABC-R1, abc-r1, exhibited high sensitivity to pyraclostrobin at the concentration of 0.01 μg/mL. Furthermore, the pathogenicity of abc-r1 was significantly diminished. These findings indicate that MoABC-R1 not only plays a pivotal role in fungicide tolerance but also regulates the pathogenicity of rice blast. Interestingly, the combination of MoABC-R1 deletion with fungicide treatment resulted in a three-fold increase in control efficiency against rice blast. This discovery highlights MoABC-R1 as a potential target gene for the management of rice blast

Analysis of Physician Compliance with Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy for Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Real-World Study

Background: Although compliance with the guideline recommendations for heart failure (HF) is associated with improved survival, the effects of medication on clinical practice often fail to meet expectations due to physician and/or patient-related reasons that are unclear. This study analyzed physicians’ compliance with guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) based on real-world clinical data and identified risk factors of low compliance. Methods: This study included patients with HF, who were treated at the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College from July 2017 to June 2021. All patients were divided into high compliance, moderate compliance, and low compliance with GDMT groups. The proportion of patients receiving treatment in compliance with GDMT was analyzed, the relationship between compliance with GDMT and clinical outcomes was evaluated, and the risk factors of low compliance were identified. Results: Of all patients with HF included in the study, 498 (23.8%) had low compliance with GDMT, 1413 (67.4%) had moderate compliance with GDMT, and 185 (8.8%) had high compliance with GDMT. The readmission rate of patients in the moderate compliance with GDMT group was significantly higher than that in the high and low compliance groups (p = 0.028). There were no significant differences in the rates of severe cardiovascular disease among the three groups. The mortality rate of patients in the high compliance with GDMT group was significantly higher than that of the other groups (p < 0.001). We found that a history of hypertension; New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification (III and IV vs. I); and abnormal heart rate, high-sensitive troponin T (hsTnT), N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), uric acid, and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) were all significantly associated with low compliance with GDMT. Conclusions: The proportion of physicians’ compliance with GDMT in treating patients with HF is low. Risk factors of low compliance include hypertension; NYHA classification (III and IV vs. I); and abnormal heart rate, hsTnT, NT proBNP, uric acid, and LVDD