Microinpelletation Technique for Studying the Localized Action of Hormones and Some Results of its Use in the Mammary Gland

Biochemistr

Determinant Factors Of Directors’ Remuneration: A Study On Malaysia Equity Market

Bursa Malaysia is one of the most important stock exchange centers in ASEAN. The success and attractiveness of a stock exchange market relies on the stock price performance listed on the stock exchange. To propel Malaysia to become a high income nation, talented executive directors with great leadership skill is one of the crucial factor. In Malaysia, studies of executives’ remuneration, firms’ attributes and performance are always the key focus. Some of the area which lack of attention is the characteristic of executive directors and also ownership characteristics of a firm. Another factor that received little attention is the dividend payout policy of the firm in relationship to the executive directors’ remuneration

Arteries of the Forearm in the Macacus cyclopsis

Gross anatomical and statistical studies were done in order to determine the standard condition (normal form) of the course and distribution of the arteries in the forearm of Formosan macaques, and furthermore compared with the finding for man and other primates

Cyclic Arginine-Glycine-Aspartate Peptides Enhance Three-Dimensional Stem Cell Osteogenic Differentiation

The role of morphogens in bone regeneration has been widely studied, whereas the effect of matrix cues, particularly on stem cell differentiation, are less well understood. In this work, we investigated the effects of arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) ligand conformation (linear vs cyclic RGD) on primary human bone marrow stromal cell (hBMSC) and D1 stem cell osteogenic differentiation in three-dimensional (3D) culture and compared their response with that of committed MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts to determine whether the stage of cell differentiation altered the response to the adhesion ligands. Linear RGD densities that promoted osteogenic differentiation of committed cells (MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts) did not induce differentiation of hBMSCs or D1 stem cells, although matrices presenting the cyclic form of this adhesion ligand enhanced osteoprogenitor differentiation in 3D culture. This may be due to enhanced integrin ligand binding. These studies indicate that biomaterial design parameters optimized for differentiated cell types may not directly translate to stem cell populations, because less-committed cells may require more instruction than differentiated cells. It is likely that design of synthetic extracellular matrices tailored to promote stem cell differentiation may enhance bone regeneration by transplanted cells.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/78148/1/ten.tea.2007.0411.pd

On the Terminal Branches of the Facial Nerve in Macacus cyclopsis

The so-called facial muscles of the Macacus cyclopsis are all supplied by the N. facialis. The N. facialis, immediately after emerging from the Foramen stylomastoideum, sends off the N. auricularis posterior upward and posteriorly and the R. digastricus forward after which the main trunk continues into the parotid gland where it separates into the R. temporofacialis and the R, cervicofacialis which separate further into small branches that distribute to the facial muscles. The most common type of distribution of the N. facialis was that in which there was anastomosis between only the branches of the R. temporofacialis or that in which there were more than two communicating branches between the R. temporofacialis as well as one anastomosing branch from the R. cervicofacialis. The findings for Macacus cyclopsis are not much different from that for Gorilla, Chimpanzee, Rhesus monkey, etc., but the condition can not be said to be simple in all aspects as compared with Orang

Differentiation stage alters matrix control of stem cells

Cues from the material to which a cell is adherent (e.g., adhesion ligand presentation, substrate elastic modulus) clearly influence the phenotype of differentiated cells. However, it is currently unclear if stem cells respond similarly to these cues. This study examined how the overall density and nanoscale organization of a model cell adhesion ligand (arginine-glycine-aspartic acid [RGD] containing peptide) presented from hydrogels of varying stiffness regulated the proliferation of a clonally derived stem cell line (D1 cells) and preosteoblasts (MC3T3-E1). While the growth rate of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts was responsive to nanoscale RGD ligand organization and substrate stiffness, the D1 stem cells were less sensitive to these cues in their uncommitted state. However, once the D1 cells were differentiated towards the osteoblast lineage, they became more responsive to these signals. These results demonstrate that the cell response to material cues is dependent on the stage of cell commitment or differentiation, and these findings will likely impact the design of biomaterials for tissue regeneration. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2008Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58039/1/31521_ftp.pd

A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes

BACKGROUND: Genomic sequence analyses have shown that horizontal gene transfer occurred during the origin of eukaryotes as a consequence of symbiosis. However, details of the timing and number of symbiotic events are unclear. A timescale for the early evolution of eukaryotes would help to better understand the relationship between these biological events and changes in Earth's environment, such as the rise in oxygen. We used refined methods of sequence alignment, site selection, and time estimation to address these questions with protein sequences from complete genomes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. RESULTS: Eukaryotes were found to evolve faster than prokaryotes, with those eukaryotes derived from eubacteria evolving faster than those derived from archaebacteria. We found an early time of divergence (~4 billion years ago, Ga) for archaebacteria and the archaebacterial genes in eukaryotes. Our analyses support at least two horizontal gene transfer events in the origin of eukaryotes, at 2.7 Ga and 1.8 Ga. Time estimates for the origin of cyanobacteria (2.6 Ga) and the divergence of an early-branching eukaryote that lacks mitochondria (Giardia) (2.2 Ga) fall between those two events. CONCLUSIONS: We find support for two symbiotic events in the origin of eukaryotes: one premitochondrial and a later mitochondrial event. The appearance of cyanobacteria immediately prior to the earliest undisputed evidence for the presence of oxygen (2.4–2.2 Ga) suggests that the innovation of oxygenic photosynthesis had a relatively rapid impact on the environment as it set the stage for further evolution of the eukaryotic cell

Pharmacokinetics of desflurane uptake and disposition in piglets

Introduction:Many respiratory but few arterial blood pharmacokinetics of desflurane uptake and disposition have been investigated. We explored the pharmacokinetic parameters in piglets by comparing inspiratory, end-tidal, arterial blood, and mixed venous blood concentrations of desflurane.Methods:Seven piglets were administered inspiratory 6% desflurane by inhalation over 2 h, followed by a 2-h disposition phase. Inspiratory and end-tidal concentrations were detected using an infrared analyzer. Femoral arterial blood and pulmonary artery mixed venous blood were sampled to determine desflurane concentrations by gas chromatography at 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100, and 120 min during each uptake and disposition phase. Respiratory and hemodynamic parameters were measured simultaneously. Body uptake and disposition rates were calculated by multiplying the difference between the arterial and pulmonary artery blood concentrations by the cardiac output.Results:The rates of desflurane body uptake increased considerably in the initial 5 min (79.8 ml.min−1) and then declined slowly until 120 min (27.0 ml.min−1). Similar characteristics of washout were noted during the subsequent disposition phase. Concentration–time curves of end-tidal, arterial, and pulmonary artery blood concentrations fitted well to zero-order input and first-order disposition kinetics. Arterial and pulmonary artery blood concentrations were best fitted using a two-compartment model. After 2 h, only 21.9% of the desflurane administered had been eliminated from the body.Conclusion:Under a fixed inspiratory concentration, desflurane body uptake in piglets corresponded to constant zero-order infusion, and the 2-h disposition pattern followed first-order kinetics and best fitted to a two-compartment model