Gary Snyder, nature and ecological communication

99學年度蔡振興教師升等代表著作[[booktype]]紙

A Factor Analysis of Physical Fitness Components for Seventh Grade Chinese Students

The main purpose of this study is to explore the basic elements of physical fitness, which can serve as a source for the construction of a physical fitness test for Chinese students. The subjects of this study are 100 male seventh grade students of junior high school in Kaohsiung City, Republic of China. A physical fitness test consisting of 29 subtests was devised and used as the basis for the investigation. Data collected from tests were analyzed by means of factor analysis and resulting in the following: I. Seven basic elements that account for physical fitness were found. They were speed-explosive strength, the size of the body, endurance, coordination, strength of body muscle, flexibility, and dynamic flexibility-dynamic strength. These seven factors accounted for 70% of the total variance of physical fitness. II. Items in the physical fitness test which correspond to factors were given below: 1. Speed-explosive strength factor - 100, 40, 80, 60, and 50 meter dashes, standing long jump, shuttle run and vertical jump. 2. The size of the body factor - weight, height, grip strength, chest girth, softball throw for accuracy, handball throw for distance. 3. Endurance factor - 1000, 1200 and 800 meter run. 4. Coordination factor - standing triple jump, softball throw for distance. 5. Strength of body muscle factor - sit-ups for 1 minute, sit-ups for 30 seconds. 6. Flexibility factor - side-steps, trunk extension backward, zig-zag run. 7. Dynamic flexibility-dynamic strength factor - trunk extension forward, push-ups, pull-ups. According to the investigation described above, each of the seven basic elements of physical fitness was virtually independent. When high scores on certain fitness measures are found but are not found on other measures, we, therefore, cannot assume there is a general physical fitness criteria

Biological hydrogen production by anaerobic fermentation

Considering the energy security and the global environment, there is a pressing need to develop non-polluting and renewable energy sources. Alternatively, hydrogen is a clean energy carrier, producing water as its only by-product when it burns. Anaerobic bioconversion of organic wastes to hydrogen gas is an attractive option that not only stabilizes the waste/wastewater, but also generates a benign renewable energy carrier. The purposes of this study were to determine the kinetics of hydrogen production using different characteristics of substrates and to evaluate hydrogen production potential from different operating conditions in continuous operation;The growth kinetics of hydrogen-producing bacteria using three different substrates including sucrose, non-fat dry milk (NFDM), and food waste were investigated through a series of batch experiments. The results demonstrated that hydrogen production potential and hydrogen production rate increased with an increasing substrate concentration. The maximum hydrogen yields from sucrose, NFDM, and food waste were 234, 119, and 101 mL/g COD, respectively. The low pH (pH \u3c 4) inhibited hydrogen production and resulted in lower carbohydrate fermentation at high substrate concentrations. The Michaelis-Menten equation was employed to model the hydrogen production rate at different substrate concentrations. The equation gave a good approximation of the maximum hydrogen production rate and the half saturation constant (KS) with correlation coefficient (R2) over 0.85. The values of half saturation constant (KS) for sucrose, NFDM, and food waste were 1.4, 6.6, and 8.7 g COD/L, respectively. Based on the Ks values, the substrate affinity of the enriched hydrogen-producing culture was found to depend on the carbohydrate content of the substrate. The substrate containing high carbohydrates showed a lower KS value. The maximum hydrogen production rate was governed by the complexity of carbohydrates in the substrate. Biological hydrogen production from sucrose-rich substrate was investigated in an anaerobic sequential batch reactor (ASBR). The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of different hydraulic retention times (HRT) (8, 12, 16, 24, and 48 h), pHs (4.9, 5.5, 6.1, and 6.7), substrate concentrations (15, 25, and 35 g COD/L), and cyclic durations (4, 6, and 8 h) on biological hydrogen production. The maximum hydrogen yield of 2.53 mol H2/mol sucrose consumed and the maximum hydrogenic activity of 538 mL H2/g VSS-d were obtained at HRT of 16h, pH 4.9, sucrose concentration of 25 g COD/L, and feeding cycle of 4 h. Methane was detected in the biogas when solids retention time (SRT) exceeded 100 h at pH of 6.7. Based on the low ethanol concentration of nearly 300 mg/L, the metabolic pathway shift to solvent fermentation was not observed at pH of 4.9. The ratios of butyrate (HBu) to acetate (HAc) decreased from 1.25 to 0.54 mol/mol, when the sucrose concentration was increased from 15 to 35 g COD/L. This suggests that the metabolic pathway of acetate fermentation was predominant at higher sucrose concentrations. Hydrogen production was found to improve at a shorter feeding cycle of 4 h;Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was applied for identifying and quantifying the specific microbial populations in the study. Most bacteria successfully identified by an EUB338 probe were counted and the percentages of 16S rDNA of EUB338 to DAPI at different reactor operating conditions were determined. Due to the false positive hybridization results, the ARC915 probe was found unsuitable for identifying cells belonging to the domain Archaea in this study. FISH results using the probe CLOST I were not fully determined because of the difficulty of recognizing the hybridized clostridia cluster I. Therefore, a correlation between hydrogen production and the number of Clostridium belonging to clostridia cluster I was not determined

Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Sex-Attributes and Sex-Roles at Eastern Illinois University

Statement of the Problem: The main purpose of this research is to compare the attitudes of graduate students, who came from different cultural backgrounds and were studying at Eastern Illinois University, toward sex-attributes and sex-roles. Meanwhile, sex, marital status, age, family\u27s religious affiliation, educational major area, and length of time in the United States were included as considerable factors whict may influence their attitudes toward sex-attributes and sex-roles. Procedures: The materials of this survey include two parts. The first part is a letter written by the researcher and revised by her academic advisor and one nonacademic advisor, to all subjects. In this letter, the purpose and the subjects of this survey, the anonymous promise, the way of returning, and the appreciation to respondent\u27s participation and cooperation are presented clearly. The second part is Questionnaire On Attitude Toward Sex-Attributes and Sex-Roles which was divided into three sections: (I) Personal Information, (II) Attitude Toward Sex-Attributes, (III) Attitude Toward Sex- Roles. Conclusions: The focus of this research emphasize the cultural factors, actually the regional distribution suggested by Barry, Bacon, and Child (1957). A. Sex-Attributes: The hypothesis of this study that attitudes toward sex-stereotyped attitudes are cross-culturally similar in quality and different in quantity, independent of sex, marital status, age, religion, and educational major area, were mostly supported by the research data, in spite of necessity of some more detailed discussions and further investigation. But, the hypothesis that the length of time in the United States would cause the attitudes of subjects to be more close to those of Americans, has not been supported. According to the regional distribution of the recent research, the attitudes of Europeans toward sex-attributes were mostly androgynous, and in order, Americans, Asians, and Africans were mostly stereotyped. This may be explained by the history of industrialization, the impact of Feminist Liberation Movement, the unit of family (nuclear or extended), the system of marriage (monogamy or polygamy) and the segregation of sexes. The sex-attitudes belief system in which men and women differ in some degree in their psychological makeup was widely accepted by both sexes. The females held more androgynous attitudes toward masculine-stereotyped attributes than males. That\u27s because the masculine attributes were highly valued by both sexes, and females expect to own them too, especially the female graduate students. Obviously, marital status, age, and religion were not essential factors in determining the sex-attribute attitudes. Neither was the educational major area significant in spite of the suggestion that the respondents in applied field were likely to be more conservative or traditional in their attitudes toward sex-attributes than students in the liberal arts curricula. B. Sex-Roles: The hypotheses in Section IV have been supported except the variable of time in the United States. The difference between Europeans and Americans were much smaller than those between any other two areas. The fact that the culture of the United States mainly stemmed from Europe was not deniable. The Feminist Liberation Movement which prevailed and had more publicity in Europe and in the United States has made people in Europe and the United States be more aware of the waste of women\u27s talents and the unequal treatment in employment opportunity. It asks for equalitarian treatment of men and women, and disagrees in the preference for men being hired or promoted. Now, many women have done what the men had done earlier: moved out of the house and into the labor market which caused both men and women in every geographic area to agree that husbands should share the household and childrearing activities in spite of Asians accepting it as mainly the obligations of the wife. Sex discrimination, the extended family, the polygamous marriage, the patrilineal authority, the patrilocal inhabitancy, and the less industrialization in Asia and Africa, may have been the reasons for people of these two areas to accept greater authority for father in the family affairs, the husband as the major economic provider in the family, and male preference in being hired or promoted. The variables of sex, marital status, age, religion, academic major field, and the length of time in the United States were independent of attitudes toward sex roles

Investigation of Buried Channel PMOS

The objective of this project is to investigate the electrical characteristics of Buried Channel PMOS for twin-well CMOS process. Project involves the investigation of the P-MOSFET by varying the standard boron (B11) threshold adjust implant dose. In addition, the effect of adding a phosphorus (P31) counter doping implant on the device characteristics is also investigated. The addition of counter doping implant will reduce the thickness of the buried channel created by the threshold adjust implant. Test results for the counter doped twin-well process shows stronger transistor turn-off and lower off-state leakage current without significantly affecting the on-state current drive

Exploration of the memory effect on the photon-assisted tunneling via a single quantum dot: A generalized Floquet theoretical approach

The generalized Floquet approach is developed to study memory effect on electron transport phenomena through a periodically driven single quantum dot in an electrode-multi-level dot-electrode nanoscale quantum device. The memory effect is treated using a multi-function Lorentzian spectral density (LSD) model that mimics the spectral density of each electrode in terms of multiple Lorentzian functions. For the symmetric single-function LSD model involving a single-level dot, the underlying single-particle propagator is shown to be related to a 2 x 2 effective time-dependent Hamiltonian that includes both the periodic external field and the electrode memory effect. By invoking the generalized Van Vleck (GVV) nearly degenerate perturbation theory, an analytical Tien-Gordon-like expression is derived for arbitrary order multi- photon resonance d.c. tunneling current. Numerically converged simulations and the GVV analytical results are in good agreement, revealing the origin of multi- photon coherent destruction of tunneling and accounting for the suppression of the staircase jumps of d.c. current due to the memory effect. Specially, a novel blockade phenomenon is observed, showing distinctive oscillations in the field-induced current in the large bias voltage limit