On The Nature of Interpretation In International Law

This paper seeks to provide a theoretical approach to the nature of interpretation to overcome some of the challenges of treaty interpretation in international law. By adhering to the approaches of Gadamer and Wittgenstein, it is argued that interpretation is a reciprocal dialogue between the reader and text with the mediation of the ‘tradition’ and ‘language-games’. Although it seems there exists no agreement among legal theorists on the nature of interpretation, reviewing their approaches reveal they have acknowledged the dependency of meaning to the tradition. This finding paves the way for providing a new reading for the system of interpretation provided by article 31 and 32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. It is argued that VCLT rules, while integrate some of the elements of current interpretive methods, adopt their own approach. The nature of international law requires taking into account the ‘conventionalist theory’ to determine the meaning based on the acts of its subjects. Nevertheless, the nature of interpretation necessitate the terms to be understood with the meditation of the ‘language-games’ which is realized by the inclusion of ‘the relevant rules of international law’

Evaluation of different factors affecting antimicrobial properties of chitosan

Chitosan as one of the natural biopolymers with antimicrobial activities could be a good choice to be applied in many areas including pharmaceuticals, foods, cosmetics, chemicals, agricultural crops, etc. There have been many studies in the literature which show this superb polymer is dependent on many factors to display its antimicrobial properties including the environmental conditions such as pH, type of microorganism, and neighbouring components; and its structural conditions such as molecular weight, degree of deacetylation, derivative form, its concentration, and original source. In this review, after a brief explanation of antimicrobial activity of chitosan and its importance, we will discuss the factors affecting the antimicrobial properties of this biopolymer based on recent studies. © 2016 Elsevier B.V

Medication Errors of Nursing Students of Medical Sciences and Islamic Azad Universities in Kerman, Iran, in 2012-2013

Background & Objective: Medication errors is one of the most common medical errors, a universal problem, and serious threat to patient safety and in some cases can result in patient death. Therefore, understanding the different aspects of this problem can provide an opportunity to prevent and minimize this issue. The purpose of this study was to explore medication errors among nursing students in Kerman city, Iran. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, all nursing students in their 7th and 8th term (n = 90) were recruited using census method in 2012-2013. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire including questions related to demographic data and medication errors. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were approved. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square test in SPSS software. Results: The results showed that 84.4% of students were female, and 66.3% of students had witnessed or discovered medication errors by other students. In addition, 66.97% (n = 60) of the students confirmed their medication errors (total of 101 errors). Based on this, the average of medication errors of the whole sample was 1.12. The highest rate of error was related to intravenous injection (68.3%) and the lowest to subcutaneous injection (1.8%). The most prevalent types of medication errors were wrong dose (41.7%) and infusion rate (46.7%). There were no statistically significant relationships between medication errors and gender, age, marital status, and work experience (P > 0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that the incidence rate of medication errors among nursing students is high. Therefore, this issue necessitates additional attention from the education system in order to provide patients with safe care services which is their inalienable right and obtain their satisfaction. Key Words: Medication errors, Nursing students, Patient safet

Demographic Characteristics and Personality Disorders in People With Gender Dysphoria in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran

Background: Gender identity is an important part of human identity. It is a personal conception of oneself as male or female. One of the major goals of treatment for individuals with Gender Dysphoria (GD) is to treat comorbid psychological and psychiatric disorders such as personality disorders. The present study aims to investigate demographic characteristics and personality disorders in people with GD seeking gender reassignment therapy in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran.Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, study population consists of all patients with GD referred to the forensic medicine centers in East Azerbaijan province during 2016-2020, of whom 61 (21 males and 40 females) were selected using a convenience sampling method. Their age, gender, educational level, and marital status were recorded and their personality profile was assessed by the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory–III.Results: The frequency (percentage) of Cluster A, B and C personality disorders in males were 0(0%), 9(50%) and 2(11.10%), while in females they were 1(5.56%), 4(22.40%), and 2(11.10%), respectively. The frequency (percentage) of antisocial, obsessive, borderline, avoidant, narcissistic, histrionic, and paranoid personality disorders in males were 4(22.2%), 2(11.10%), 3(16.67%), 0(0%), 0(0%), 2(11.10%), and 0(0%), while in females they were 4(22.20%), 1(5.56%), 3(16.67%), 1(5.56%), 1(5.56%), 2(11.10%), and 1(5.56%), respectively. The prevalence of different clusters (P=0.34) and types (P=0.18) of personality disorders was not significantly different between males and females. Conclusion: Personality disorders are comorbid with GD. They exist in one-third of patients with GD in East Azerbaijan Province. Personality disorders are significantly more prevalent in male patients with GD than in females

Bioactive Nanogels Mimicking the Antithrombogenic Nitric Oxide-Release Function of the Endothelium

Nitric oxide (NO) plays a significant role in controlling the physiology and pathophysiology of the body, including the endothelial antiplatelet function and therefore, antithrombogenic property of the blood vessels. This property of NO can be exploited to prevent thrombus formation on artificial surfaces like extracorporeal membrane oxygenators, which when come into contact with blood lead to protein adsorption and thereby platelet activation causing thrombus formation. However, NO is extremely reactive and has a very short biological half-life in blood, so only endogenous generation of NO from the blood contacting material can result into a stable and kinetically controllable local delivery of NO. In this regards, highly hydrophilic bioactive nanogels are presented which can endogenously generate NO in blood plasma from endogenous NO-donors thereby maintaining a physiological NO flux. It is shown that NO releasing nanogels could initiate cGMP-dependent protein kinase signaling followed by phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein in platelets. This prevents platelet activation and aggregation even in presence of highly potent platelet activators like thrombin, adenosine 5′-diphosphate, and U46619 (thromboxane A2 mimetic)

Перекисное окисление липидов и показатели антиоксидантной системы при сахарном диабете типа 2

Department of Biochemistry, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Baku State UniversityExperimental and clinical observations proved the participation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and initiated their lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including diabetes mellitus. The studies were conducted with the blood of 57 patients with type 2 diabetes (male 21, female 36). All patients were divided into 3 groups based on the duration of the disease, as well as glucose levels: 1 year – compensation stage (n = 27); from 6 to 10 years – the stage subcompensation (n = 12); and more than 10 years – the stage of decompensation (n = 18). The amount of glucose was determined by the glucose oxidase method using ready commercial reagent. As a biochemical marker also was determined level of HBA1c. As a result conducted experiments was determined,that in all 3 stage of desease there is an increased level of LPO, also consentration of MDA, DC. LPO processes were quantitatively investigated using the spectrophotometric method, we determined serum levels of conjugated dynes – primary products of lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde (MDA) – one of the secondary products. Ferritin levels were determined using a commercial reagent for immunosorbent assay of human ferritin. There is noticeable changes in dates of AOS-decreases the level of reduced glutation,catalase,in contrary increases the level of ceruloplamin. In maximum grade there is incease in level of ferritin – 2.4 times. These dates prove that depending level of glucose in blood increase LPO and decreases AOS of organism.Экспериментальные и клинические наблюдения доказали участие активных форм кислорода и инициируемых ими перекисного окисления липидов в патогенезе многих болезней, в том числе сахарного диабета. Исследования были проведены с кровью 57 пациентов (21 мужчин и 36 женщин) с сахарным диабетом типа 2. Все больные, в зависимости от уровня гликемии и продолжительности заболевания, были разделены на 3 группы: до 1 года – стадия компенсации, (21 чел.), от 6-10 лет – стадия субкомпенсации (12 чел.) и более чем 10 лет – стадия декомпенсации (18 чел.). Количество глюкозы было определено глюкозоксидантным методом с использованием готового коммерческого набора реагента. В качестве биохимического маркера также был определен уровень гликозилированного гемоглобина (НbA1c). Процессы перекисного окисления липидов (ПОЛ) были количественно исследованы с применением спектрофотометрических методов, были определены уровень диеновых конъюгатов – первичных продуктов перекисного окисления и малонового диальдегида (МДА) – одного из вторичных продуктов ПОЛ в плазме крови. Уровень ферритина был установлен с использованием коммерческого набора для иммуноферментного анализа. В результате проведенных исследований выявлено, что на всех 3-х стадиях заболевания происходит нарастание уровня ПОЛ, возрастает концентрация МДА и ДК. Заметное изменение происходит по показателям АОС – снижается уровень восстановленного глутатиона, каталазы и наоборот, увеличивается уровень церулоплазмина. В наибольшей степени увеличивается уровень ферритина в 2,4 раза. Эти данные доказывают, что в зависимости от уровня глюкозы в крови усиливается ПОЛ и снижается АОС организма

Investigating the efficiency of single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes in removal of penicillin G from aqueous solutions

Background: Drugs, especially antibiotics, are one of the serious problems of modern life and the main pollution sources of the environment, especially in the last decade, which are harmful to human health and environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the removal of penicillin G from aqueous solutions using single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Methods: In this study, the effect of different parameters including pH (3, 5, 7, 9, and 11), initial concentration of pollutant (50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/l), absorbent dose (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 g/L), mixing speed (0, 100, 200, and 300 rpm), and temperature (10, 15, 25, 35, 45°C) were investigated. The Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, BET, Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms and adsorption kinetics of the first- and second-order equations were determined. Results: The results showed that the efficiency of single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes in the removal of penicillin G was 68.25% and 56.37%, respectively, and adsorption capacity of the nanotubes was 141 mg/g and 119 mg/g at initial concentration of 50 mg/l and pH=5 with adsorption dose of 0.8 g/L for 105 minutes at 300 rpm and temperature of 10°C from aqueous solutions. Also, it was revealed that the adsorption process had the highest correlation with the Langmuir model and secondorder kinetics, and the maximum adsorption capacity based on Langmuir model was 373.80 mg/g. Conclusion: According to the results, it was found that single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes can be used as effective absorbents in the removal of penicillin G from aqueous solutions. Keywords: Single-walled carbon, Multi-walled carbon, Adsorption, Penicillin G, Antibiotic

Gray area; a novel strategy to confront COVID-19 in emergency departments

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, affects almost every aspect of human life. To confront this crisis, a separate ward called gray area was designed for emergency departments (EDs) and applied at the provincial level in East-Azerbaijan, Iran. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of this project, increase the serviceability and segregation of the location of infected patients, and show how feasible and fruitful it can be. Methods: This study is an analytical study. The statistical data collection from 39 hospitals was performed between 20 March to 21 September 2020. Descriptive Statistics as well as correlation coefficients were calculated using the 26th version of IBM SPSS. Results: Among 77489 COVID-19 patients admitted to the EDs, approximately 0.38% of patients died in EDs. 22.63% of EDs area was allocated to COVID-19 patients and 70.46% of ED nurses, worked in the gray area. There was no significant correlation between area, number of patients, number of nurses, number of shifts of nurses, number of nurses for each patient, number of nurse shifts for each patient, and area for each patient with mortality rate and rates of disposition in 6 and 12 hours. Conclusion: Gray area is an appropriate strategy to confront COVID-19 in EDs and if more studies approve these results, this strategy can be used to confront this pandemic and future similar conditions in resource-limited countries

Metal-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of nitrile oxides

In the present review advances in the metal-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of nitrile oxides, mainly in the last decade, will be presented and discussed. An overview on the structure, preparation, dimerization and related reactions as well as the relevant aspects in the cycloaddition chemistry of nitrile oxides (including mechanistic aspects) have also been considered

Erratum: COMPARE CPM-RMI trial: Intramyocardial transplantation of autologous bone marrow-derived CD133+ cells and MNCs during CABG in patients with recent MI: A phase II/III, multicenter, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. (Cell Journal (2018) 20:3 (449) DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2018.5197)

This article published in Cell J (Yakhteh), Vol 20, No 2, Jul-Sep 2018, on pages 267-277, four affiliations (1, 4, 5, and 10) were changed based on authors request. © 2018 Royan Institute (ACECR). All rights reserved