"On a limiting quasi-multinomial distribution"

A random clustering distribution is useful for modeling count data. The present article derives a new distribution of this type from the Lagrangian Poisson distribution, based on the result that any infinitely divisible distribution over nonnegative integers produces a random clustering distribution through conditioning and a limiting argument that is equivalent to the law of small numbers. The resulting distribution is shown to be tractable. Its application is also presented.

Similarities and differences between study designs in short‐ and long‐term outcomes of laparoscopic versus open low anterior resection for rectal cancer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized, case‐matched, and cohort studies

[Aim] Randomized controlled trials (RCT) are the gold standard in surgical research, and case-matched studies, such as studies with propensity score matching, are expected to serve as an alternative to RCT. Both study designs have been used to investigate the potential superiority of laparoscopic surgery to open surgery for rectal cancer, but it remains unclear whether there are any differences in the findings obtained using these study designs. We aimed to examine similarities and differences between findings from different study designs regarding laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer. [Methods] Systematic review and meta-analyses. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane. RCT, case-matched studies, and cohort studies comparing laparoscopic low anterior resection and open low anterior resection for rectal cancer were included. In total, 8 short-term outcomes and 3 long-term outcomes were assessed. Meta-analysis was conducted stratified by study design using a random-effects model. [Results] Thirty-five studies were included in this review. Findings did not differ between RCT and case-matched studies for most outcomes. However, the estimated treatment effect was largest in cohort studies, intermediate in case-matched studies, and smallest in RCT for overall postoperative complications and 3-year local recurrence. [Conclusion] Findings from case-matched studies were similar to those from RCT in laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal cancer. However, findings from case-matched studies were sometimes intermediate between those of RCT and unadjusted cohort studies, and case-matched studies and cohort studies have a potential to overestimate the treatment effect compared with RCT

Stochastic complex Ginzburg-Landau equation with space-time white noise (Probability Symposium)

We study the stochastic complex Ginzburg-Landau equation with complex-valued space-time white noise on the three dimensional torus. This nonlinear equation is so singular that it can only be understood in a renormalized sense. We prove local well-posedness of it in the framework of paracontrolled distribution theory. This article is an announcement of the authors full paper with the same title

個票開示リスク評価用超母集団モデルの開発

金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系本年度は計画の最終年度なので、成果発表に補助金を用いた。主な使途は、国際統計協会(ISI)の第55回大会での口頭発表(海外)である。口頭発表に重点を置いたので特に記すと、他に国内学会発表2件(応用統計学会、統計関連学会連合大会)、講演2件(応用統計ワークショップ(東京大学経済学部)、研究集会(東京大学工学部))で研究成果を述べた。加えて、下記のような理論的考察を行った。各セルの度数が独立に複合ポアソン分布に従うとして、その総和を所与としたセル度数の条件付き同時分布を「条件付き複合ポアソン分布」と呼ぶ事にする。この分布は複合ポアソン分布のレヴィ測度(クラスター分布)を変えることで様々な種類が得られ、分布族をなす。そしてクラスター分布が一点分布に退化した場合に、条件付き複合ポアソン分布は多項分布になる。つまりこの分布族は多項分布に自然に拡張し、その望ましい性質を一部受け継ぐ。条件付き複合ポアソン分布の中でも解析的に扱い易い例が、多変量負の超幾何分布であり、擬似多項分布である。条件付き複合ポアソン分布を考える最大の利点は、度数の分散を大きく出来る事であり、過分散の記述に適する。またセル確率に相当する母数が全て等しい対称な場合は、本プロジェクトの主要成果である小数法則が適用可能となる。すなわち、極限分布として度数ゼロのセル数に依存しない便利なモデルが現れる。この極限分布は正の整数の確率分割を与えており、クラスター分布がべき級数分布の時、重み付きベル多項式の展開とみなせる。このように考えると、本プロジェクトの確率分割生成方法は、ギブス分割を生成する事が分かる。またコルチンモデルの特殊ケースで、取り扱いが容易な場合となっている。研究課題/領域番号:15730102, 研究期間(年度):2003 – 2005出典：「個票開示リスク評価用超母集団モデルの開発」研究成果報告書　課題番号15730102（KAKEN：科学研究費助成事業データベース（国立情報学研究所））（https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/ja/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-15730102/)を加工して作

Random partitioning over a sparse contingency table

The present article investigates a class of random partitioning distributions of a positive integer. This class is called the limiting conditional compound poisson (LCCP) distribution and characterized by the law of small numbers. Accordingly the LCCP distribution explains the limiting behavior of counts on a sparse contingency table by the frequencies of frequencies. The LCCP distribution is constructed via some combinations of conditioning and limiting, and this view reveals that the LCCP distribution is a subclass of several known classes that depend on a Bell polynomial. It follows that the limiting behavior of a Bell polynomial provides new asymptotics for a sparse contingency table. Also the Neyman Type A distribution and the Thomas distribution are revisited as the basis of the sparsity. © 2011 The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Tokyo

Infection of mesangial cells with HIV and SIV: Identification of GPR1 as a coreceptor

Infection of mesangial cells with HIV and SIV: Identification of GPR1 as a coreceptor.BackgroundMesangial cells are an important component of the glomerulus. Dysfunction of mesangial cells is thought to be involved in the development of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-associated nephropathy (HIVAN). HIVAN is a structural renal failure frequently observed in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. However, the susceptibility of mesangial cells to HIV-1 is disputable. More than ten G protein-coupled receptors, including chemokine receptors, have been shown to act as HIV-1 coreceptors that determine the susceptibilities of cells to HIV-1 strains with specific cell tropisms.MethodsWe examined the susceptibility of mesangial cells to various HIV-1, HIV type 2 (HIV-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strains. Expression of CD4 and HIV/SIV coreceptors was examined by Western blotting and polymerase chain reaction.ResultsMesangial cells were found to be susceptible to HIV-1 variant and mutants that infect brain-derived cells, but highly resistant to T-tropic (X4), M-tropic (R5) or dual-tropic (X4R5) HIV-1 strains. In addition, mesangial cells were also susceptible to HIV-2 and SIV strains that infect the brain-derived cells. Among HIV/SIV coreceptors we tested, the expression of GPR1 mRNA was detected in mesangial cells. Expression of CD4 mRNA and protein was also detected in them. Mesangial cells and GPR1-transduced CD4-positive cells showed similar susceptibilities to the HIV-1 variant and mutants and HIV-2 and SIV strains.ConclusionsCD4 and GPR1 mRNAs were detected in mesangial cells. Mesangial cells were susceptible to HIV/SIV strains that use GPR1 as a coreceptor. Our findings suggest that an orphan G protein-coupled receptor, GPR1, is a coreceptor expressed in mesangial cells. It remains to be investigated whether the interaction of mesangial cells with specific HIV-1 strains through GPR1 plays a role in the development of HIVAN

Laparoscopic Surgery for Acute Diffuse Peritonitis Due to Gastrointestinal Perforation: A Nationwide Epidemiologic Study Using the National Clinical Database

[Background] Elective laparoscopic surgery is now widely accepted in the treatment of abdominal diseases because of its minimal invasiveness and rapid postoperative recovery. It is also used in the emergency setting for the diagnosis and treatment of acute diffuse peritonitis regardless of the causative disease. However, the value of laparoscopy in acute diffuse peritonitis remains unclear. In this study we aimed to show trends in the use of laparoscopy over time and compare the real-world performance of laparoscopic surgery with that of open surgery for acute diffuse peritonitis due to gastrointestinal perforation. [Methods] We extracted data from the National Clinical Database, a nationwide surgery registration system in Japan, for patients with a diagnosis of acute diffuse peritonitis due to gastroduodenal or colorectal perforation between 2016 and 2019. Trends in the use of laparoscopy over time were identified. Patient characteristics, laboratory findings, surgical findings, and postoperative complications were compared between laparoscopic surgery and open surgery. [Results] Patients in poor condition and those with abnormal laboratory findings tended to undergo open surgery. Anesthesia time and operating time were longer for laparoscopic surgery in patients with gastroduodenal perforation but shorter in those with colorectal perforation. Fewer complications occurred in patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery. The number of institutions where laparoscopic surgery was performed and the proportion of the use of laparoscopy at each institution increased over time. [Conclusion] The use of laparoscopy is becoming common in surgery for acute diffuse peritonitis due to gastrointestinal perforation. This approach may be a useful option for acute diffuse peritonitis

A formylpeptide receptor, FPRL1, acts as an efficient coreceptor for primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>More than 10 members of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been shown to work as coreceptors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), HIV type 2 (HIV-2), and simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs). As a common feature of HIV/SIV coreceptors, tyrosine residues are present with asparagines, aspartic acids or glutamic acids in the amino-terminal extracellular regions (NTRs).</p> <p>We noticed that a receptor for N-formylpeptides, FPRL1, also contains two tyrosine residues accompanied by glutamic acids in its NTR. It was reported that monocytes expressing CCR5 and FPRL1 in addition to CD4 are activated by treatment with ligands or agonists of FPRL1. Activated monocytes down-modulate CCR5 and become resistant to infection by HIV-1 strains. Thus, FPRL1 plays important roles in protection of monocyptes against HIV-1 infection. However, its own coreceptor activity has not been elucidated yet. In this study, we examined coreceptor activities of FPRL1 for HIV/SIV strains including primary HIV-1 isolates.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A CD4-transduced human glioma cell line, NP-2/CD4, is strictly resistant to HIV/SIV infection. We have reported that when NP-2/CD4 cells are transduced with a GPCR having coreceptor activity, the cells become susceptible to HIV/SIV strains. When NP-2/CD4 cells were transduced with FPRL1, the resultant NP-2/CD4/FPRL1 cells became markedly susceptible to some laboratory-adapted HIV/SIV strains. We found that FPRL1 is also efficiently used as a coreceptor by primary HIV-1 isolates as well as CCR5 or CXCR4.</p> <p>Amino acid sequences linked to the FPRL1 use could not be detected in the V3 loop of the HIV-1 Env protein. Coreceptor activities of FPRL1 were partially blocked by the forymyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLF) peptide.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We conclude that FPRL1 is a novel and efficient coreceptor for HIV/SIV strains. FPRL1 works as a bifunctional factor in HIV-1 infection. Namely, the role of FPRL1 in HIV-1 infection is protective and/or promotive in different conditions. FPRL1 has been reported to be abundantly expressed in the lung, spleen, testis, and neutrophils. We detected mRNA expression of FPRL1 in 293T (embryonal kidney cell line), C8166 (T cell line), HOS (osteosarcoma cell line), Molt4#8 (T cell line), U251MG (astrocytoma cell line), U87/CD4 (CD4-transduced glioma cell line), and peripheral blood lymphocytes. Roles of FPRL1 in HIV-1 infection <it>in vivo </it>should be further investigated.</p

Impact of postoperative complications after primary tumor resection on survival in patients with incurable stage IV colorectal cancer: A multicenter retrospective cohort study

[Aims] Primary tumor resection for patients with incurable stage IV colorectal cancer can prevent tumor-related complications but may cause postoperative complications. Postoperative complications delay the administration of chemotherapy and can lead to the spread of malignancy. However, the impact of postoperative complications after primary tumor resection on survival in patients with incurable stage IV colorectal cancer remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate how postoperative complications after primary tumor resection affect survival in this patient group. [Methods] We reviewed data on 966 patients with stage IV colorectal cancer who underwent palliative primary tumor resection between January 2006 and December 2007. We examined the association between major complications (National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v3.0 grade 3 or more) and overall survival using Cox proportional hazard model and explored risk factors associated with major complications using multivariable logistic regression analysis. [Results] Ninety-three patients (9.6%) had major complications. The 2-year overall survival rate was 32.7% in the group with major complications and 50.3% in the group with no major complications. Patients with major complications had a significantly poorer prognosis than those without major complications (hazard ratio: 1.62; 95% confidence interval: 1.21-2.18; P < .01). Male, rectal tumor, and open surgery were identified to be risk factors for major complications. [Conclusions] Postoperative complications after primary tumor resection was associated with decreased long-term survival in patients with incurable stage IV colorectal cancer

Effect of herbal medicine daikenchuto on gastrointestinal symptoms following laparoscopic colectomy in patients with colon cancer: A prospective randomized study

We conducted a prospective randomized study to investigate the effect of daikenchuto (DKT) on abdominal symptoms following laparoscopic colectomy in patients with left-sided colon cancer. Patients who suffered from abdominal pain or distention on postoperative day 1 were randomized to either the DKT group or non-DKT group. The primary endpoints were the evaluation of abdominal pain, abdominal distention, and quality of life. The metabolome and gut microbiome analyses were conducted as secondary endpoints. A total of 17 patients were enrolled: 8 patients in the DKT group and 9 patients in the non-DKT group. There were no significant differences in the primary endpoints and postoperative adverse events between the two groups. The metabolome and gut microbiome analyses showed that the levels of plasma lipid mediators associated with the arachidonic acid cascade were lower in the DKT group than in the non-DKT group, and that the relative abundance of genera Serratia and Bilophila were lower in the DKT group than in the non-DKT group. DKT administration did not improve the abdominal symptoms following laparoscopic colectomy. The effects of DKT on metabolites and gut microbiome have to be further investigated