1,707 research outputs found
A Comprehensive Analysis of Fermi Gamma-Ray Burst Data. IV. Spectral Lag and its Relation to E p Evolution
The spectral evolution and spectral lag behavior of 92 bright pulses from 84 gamma-ray bursts observed by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) telescope are studied. These pulses can be classified into hard-to-soft pulses (H2S; 64/92), H2S-dominated-tracking pulses (21/92), and other tracking pulses (7/92). We focus on the relationship between spectral evolution and spectral lags of H2S and H2S-dominated-tracking pulses. The main trend of spectral evolution (lag behavior) is estimated with ( ), where E p is the peak photon energy in the radiation spectrum, t + t 0 is the observer time relative to the beginning of pulse −t 0, and is the spectral lag of photons with energy E with respect to the energy band 8–25 keV. For H2S and H2S-dominated-tracking pulses, a weak correlation between and k E is found, where W is the pulse width. We also study the spectral lag behavior with peak time of pulses for 30 well-shaped pulses and estimate the main trend of the spectral lag behavior with . It is found that is correlated with k E . We perform simulations under a phenomenological model of spectral evolution, and find that these correlations are reproduced. We then conclude that spectral lags are closely related to spectral evolution within the pulse. The most natural explanation of these observations is that the emission is from the electrons in the same fluid unit at an emission site moving away from the central engine, as expected in the models invoking magnetic dissipation in a moderately high-σ outflow
A comprehensive analysis of Fermi Gamma-Ray Burst Data: IV. Spectral lag and Its Relation to Ep Evolution
The spectral evolution and spectral lag behavior of 92 bright pulses from 84
gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) observed by the Fermi GBM telescope are studied. These
pulses can be classified into hard-to-soft pulses (H2S, 64/92),
H2S-dominated-tracking pulses (21/92), and other tracking pulses (7/92). We
focus on the relationship between spectral evolution and spectral lags of H2S
and H2S-dominated-tracking pulses. %in hard-to-soft pulses (H2S, 64/92) and
H2S-dominating-tracking (21/92) pulses. The main trend of spectral evolution
(lag behavior) is estimated with
(), where is the peak photon
energy in the radiation spectrum, is the observer time relative to the
beginning of pulse , and is the spectral lag of photons
with energy with respect to the energy band - keV. For H2S and
H2S-dominated-tracking pulses, a weak correlation between
and is found, where is the pulse width. We also study the spectral
lag behavior with peak time of pulses for 30 well-shaped pulses
and estimate the main trend of the spectral lag behavior with . It is found that is correlated with
. We perform simulations under a phenomenological model of spectral
evolution, and find that these correlations are reproduced. We then conclude
that spectral lags are closely related to spectral evolution within the pulse.
The most natural explanation of these observations is that the emission is from
the electrons in the same fluid unit at an emission site moving away from the
central engine, as expected in the models invoking magnetic dissipation in a
moderately-high- outflow.Comment: 58 pages, 11 figures, 3 tables. ApJ in pres
Fabrication of Antireflection Nanodiamond Particle Film by the Spin Coating Deposition Technique
Diamond-based antireflective (AR) coatings were fabricated using a spin coating of diamond suspension at room temperature as nucleation enhancement procedure and microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition. Various working pressures were used to investigate their effect on the optical characterization of the as-deposited diamond films. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic forced microscopy (AFM) were employed to analyze the surface properties of the diamond films. Raman spectra and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) also were used for analysis of the microstructure of the films. The results showed that working pressure had a significant effect on thickness, surface roughness, and wettability of the as-deposited diamond films. Deposited under 35 Torr or working pressure, the film possessed a low surface roughness of 13.8 nm and fine diamond grain sizes of 35 nm. Reflectance measurements of the films also were carried out using UV-Vis spectrometer and revealed a low reflectance value of the diamond films. The achievement demonstrated feasibility of the proposed spin-coating procedure for large scale production and thus opens up a prospect application of diamond film as an AR coating in industrial optoelectronic device
Detection and identification of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Vibrio cholerae O139 using oligonucleotide microarray
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The rapid and accurate detection and identification of the new subtype of the pathogens is crucial for diagnosis, treatment and control of the contagious disease outbreak. Here, in this study, an approach to detect and identify <it>Escherichia coli </it>O157:H7 and <it>Vibrio cholerae </it>O139 was established using oligonucleotide microarray. We coupled multiplex PCR with oligonucleotide microarray to construct an assay suitable for simultaneous identification of two subtypes of the pathogens.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The <it>stx</it>1, <it>stx</it>2 gene and <it>uid</it>A gene having the specific mutant spot were chosen as the targets for <it>Escherichia coli </it>O157:H7, and meanwhile the <it>ctx</it>A, <it>tcp</it>A, and <it>LPSgt </it>gene for <it>Vibrio cholerae </it>O139. The oligonucleotide microarray was composed of eight probes including negative control and positive control from 16S rDNA gene. The six primers were designed to amplify target fragments in two triplex PCR, and then hybridized with oligonucleotide microarray. An internal control would be to run a PCR reaction in parallel. Multiplex PCR did not produce any non-specific amplicons when 149 related species or genera of standard bacteria were tested (100% specificity). In addition, <it>Escherichia coli </it>O157:H7 and <it>Escherichia coli </it>O157:non-H7, <it>Vibrio cholerae </it>O139 and <it>Vibrio cholerae </it>O1 had been discriminated respectively. Using recombinant plasmid and target pathogens, we were able to detect positive hybridization signals with 10<sup>2 </sup>copies/μL and 10<sup>3 </sup>cfu/mL per reaction.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The DNA microarray assay reported here could detect and identify <it>Escherichia coli </it>O157:H7 and <it>Vibrio cholerae </it>O139, and furthermore the subtype was distinguished. This assay was a specific and sensitive tool for simultaneous detection and identification of the new subtype of two pathogens causing diarrhea in human.</p
Sophocarpine Protects Mice from ConA-Induced Hepatitis via Inhibition of the IFN-Gamma/STAT1 Pathway
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for neonatal congenital diaphragmatic hernia: The initial single-center experience in Taiwan
Background/Purpose Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a treatment option for stabilizing neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) in a critical condition when standard therapy fails. However, the use of this approach in Taiwan has not been previously reported. Methods The charts of all neonates with CDH treated in our institute during the period 2007–2014 were reviewed. After 2010, patients who could not be stabilized with conventional treatment were candidates for ECMO. We compared the demographic data of patients with and without ECMO support. The clinical course and complications of ECMO were also reviewed. Results We identified 39 neonates with CDH with a median birth weight of 2696 g (range, 1526–3280 g). Seven (18%) of these patients required ECMO support. The APGAR score at 5 minutes differed significantly between the ECMO and non-ECMO groups. The survival rate was 84.6% (33/39) for all CDH patients and 57.1% (4/7) for the ECMO group. The total ECMO bypass times in the survivors was in the range of 5–36 days, whereas all nonsurvivors received ECMO for at least 36 days (mean duration, 68 days). Surgical bleeding occurred in four of seven patients in the ECMO group. Conclusion The introduction of ECMO rescued some CDH patients who could not have survived by conventional management. Prolonged (i.e., > 36 days) ECMO support had no benefit for survival
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