5-(4-Nitro­benz­yl)-1H-1,2,3,4-tetra­zole

In the title compound, C8H7N5O2, the dihedral angle between the benzene and tetra­zole rings is 63.13 (8)°. The crystal structure exhibits inter­molecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds which lead to the formation of one-dimensional chains along the [010] direction

(E)-3,3′-(Diazene-1,2-di­yl)bis­(1-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetra­hydro­pyrrolo­[3,4-c]pyrazol-5-ium) dinitrate dihydrate

The title compound, C12H18N8 2+·2NO3 −·2H2O, was synthesized unexpectedly from 3-amino-1-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetra­hydro­pyrrolo­[3,4-c]pyrazol-5-ium chloride and cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate. The cation has a crystallographically imposed centre of symmetry. In the crystal, the ions and water mol­ecules are linked via O—H⋯N, N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network

Analysis on the Risk and Supervision of P2P Online Financing Platforms in China

Microcredit is a vital breakthrough to solve the financial problems of low-income groups and small and medium-sized enterprises, while traditional microfinance providers can only meet a small proportion of their capital needs. By using internet technology, P2P online financing extends the innovative development of microcredit with the aim of solving traditional micro-credit problems. This paper mainly explores the existing online financing operation model of P2P in China, and summarizes the relevant problems, such as low entry barriers for P2P online financing enterprises and lack of supervision, Lack of verification on the qualification of borrowers and poor management of the platform, imperfect information revealed or providing false information by platform, etc. Finally, the article put forward some suggestions concerning the healthy development for the P2P online financing platform, including the establishing entry audit system and strengthening the supervision of the P2P platform, strengthening the management of borrowers and improving the credit collection system, and strengthening the disclosure of information by platform

In Utero Exposure to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin Affects the Development of Reproductive System in Mouse

PURPOSE: Exposure of male reproductive organs to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) has been reported to cause developmental changes. In this study, we evaluated the effects of in utero TCDD exposure on male reproductive development. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pregnant C57BL/6 mice were administered a single intraperitoneal injection of TCDD (1microgram/kg) on gestation day (GD) 15. The offspring were examined in the immature stage on postnatal day (PND) 30 and in the mature stage on PND 60. The testes were examined for histological changes, androgen receptor (AR), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and apoptosis following the measurement of morphological changes. RESULTS: Anogenital distance (AGD) and testis weights were reduced by TCDD exposure both on PND 30 and PND 60 while body weights and length of male offspring were not affected by TCDD. The regular sperm developmental stage was impaired with TCDD treatment on PND 30. However, no difference was found between the control group and TCDD groups on PND 60. Simultaneously, the expression of AR was also reduced on PND 30, while it was increased on PND 60 compared with the control group. The expression of PCNA was decreased whereas apoptosis was not affected by TCDD both on PND 30 and PND 60. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that in utero exposure to TCDD influences the development of testes by inhibiting the expression of AR and PCNA. Moreover, the adverse effects of TCDD on male offspring reduced over timeope

Effect of Acorus tatarinowii extract on hyperprolactinemia in rats

Purpose: To determine the mechanism underlying the anti-hyperprolactinemia effect of Acorus tatarinowii extract (ATE) in rats. Methods: Rats were divided into six groups (n =10 each group), viz, healthy control, untreated hyperprolactinemic rats, hyperprolactinemic rats treated with bromocriptine (0.6 mg/kg), and hyperprolactinemic rats treated with ATE (3.2, 6.4, or 12.8 g/kg). After 30 days, the hypothalamic protein levels of dopamine D2 receptor, protein kinase A (PKA), and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) were determined. Results: Dopamine D2 receptor levels were lower in untreated hyperprolactinemic rats than in healthy control (p < 0.01), but this decrease was attenuated by ATE (p < 0.05). Elevated PKA levels in untreated hyperprolactinemic rats (0.78 ± 0.03µg/mL, p < 0.01) were decreased by ATE (3.2 g/kg, 0.51 ± 0.02 µg/mL, p < 0.05; 6.4 g/kg, 0.39 ± 0.03 µg/mL, p < 0.01; 12.8 g/kg, 0.24 ± 0.04 µg/mL, p < 0.01). Similarly, elevated cAMP levels in hyperprolactinemic rats (3.1 ± 0.3 ng/mL) were lowered by ATE (3.2 g/kg, 2.2 ± 0.4 ng/mL, p < 0.05; 6.4 g/kg, 1.8 ± 0.3 ng/mL, p < 0.01; 12.8 g/kg, 1.4 ± 0.3 ng/mL, p < 0.01). Conclusion: ATE anti-hyperprolactinemia activity is mediated by dopamine D2 receptor signaling via cAMP/PKA pathway

Zinc/CaMK II Associated-Mitophagy Signaling Contributed to Hippocampal Mossy Fiber Sprouting and Cognitive Deficits Following Neonatal Seizures and Its Regulation by Chronic Leptin Treatment

The role of leptin in the pathogenesis of epilepsy is getting more and more attention in clinical and basic research. Although there are data indicating neuroprotective effects of elevated serum/brain leptin levels following acute seizures, no study to date has dealt with the impact of chronic leptin treatment on long-term brain injury following developmental seizures. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether chronic leptin treatment may have neuroprotective effects on cognitive and hippocampal mossy fiber sprouting following flurothyl-induced recurrent neonatal seizures and whether these effects are mediated by the zinc/CaMKII-associated mitophagy signaling pathway. Forty Sprague-Dawley rats (postnatal day 6, P6) were randomly assigned into two groups: neonatal seizure group and control group. At P13, they were further divided into control group, seizure group (RS), control + leptin (leptin, i.p., 2 mg/kg/day for 10 days), seizure+leptin group (RS+Leptin, 2mg/kg/day, i.p., for 10 consecutive days). Morris water maze test was performed during P27-P32. Subsequently, Timm staining and Western blotting were used to detect the mossy fiber sprouting and protein levels in hippocampus. Flurothyl-induced seizures (RS group) significantly down-regulated mitophagy markers PINK, Drp1, PHB, and memory marker CaMK II alpha while up-regulating zinc transporters ZnT3, ZnT4, ZIP7, and autophagy execution molecular cathepsin-E, which were paralleled with hippocampal aberrant mossy fiber sprouting and cognitive dysfunction. However, these changes were restored by chronic leptin treatment (RS+Leptin group). The results showed that leptin had neuroprotective effect on hippocampal pathological damage and cognitive deficits induced by neonatal seizures and suggested that Zinc/CaMK II associated-mitophagy signaling pathway in hippocampus may be a new target of leptin's neuroprotection, with potential value of translational medicine

Improving Code Generation by Dynamic Temperature Sampling

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive results in code generation. However, existing decoding strategies are designed for Natural Language (NL) generation, overlooking the differences between NL and programming languages (PL). Due to this oversight, a better decoding strategy for code generation remains an open question. In this paper, we conduct the first systematic study to explore a decoding strategy specialized in code generation. With an analysis of loss distributions of code tokens, we find that code tokens can be divided into two categories: challenging tokens that are difficult to predict and confident tokens that can be easily inferred. Among them, the challenging tokens mainly appear at the beginning of a code block. Inspired by the above findings, we propose a simple yet effective method: Adaptive Temperature (AdapT) sampling, which dynamically adjusts the temperature coefficient when decoding different tokens. We apply a larger temperature when sampling for challenging tokens, allowing LLMs to explore diverse choices. We employ a smaller temperature for confident tokens avoiding the influence of tail randomness noises. We apply AdapT sampling to LLMs with different sizes and conduct evaluations on two popular datasets. Results show that AdapT sampling significantly outperforms state-of-the-art decoding strategy