Overview of cattle diseases listed under category C, D or E in the animal health law for wich control programmes are in place within Europe

13 páginas, 5 figuras, 3 tablas.The COST action “Standardising output-based surveillance to control non-regulated diseases of cattle in the European Union (SOUND control),” aims to harmonise the results of surveillance and control programmes (CPs) for non-EU regulated cattle diseases to facilitate safe trade and improve overall control of cattle infectious diseases. In this paper we aimed to provide an overview on the diversity of control for these diseases in Europe. A non-EU regulated cattle disease was defined as an infectious disease of cattle with no or limited control at EU level, which is not included in the European Union Animal health law Categories A or B under Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/2002. A CP was defined as surveillance and/or intervention strategies designed to lower the incidence, prevalence, mortality or prove freedom from a specific disease in a region or country. Passive surveillance, and active surveillance of breeding bulls under Council Directive 88/407/EEC were not considered as CPs. A questionnaire was designed to obtain country-specific information about CPs for each disease. Animal health experts from 33 European countries completed the questionnaire. Overall, there are 23 diseases for which a CP exists in one or more of the countries studied. The diseases for which CPs exist in the highest number of countries are enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhoea and anthrax (CPs reported by between 16 and 31 countries). Every participating country has on average, 6 CPs (min–max: 1–13) in place. Most programmes are implemented at a national level (86%) and are applied to both dairy and non-dairy cattle (75%). Approximately one-third of the CPs are voluntary, and the funding structure is divided between government and private resources. Countries that have eradicated diseases like enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhoea have implemented CPs for other diseases to further improve the health status of cattle in their country. The control of non-EU regulated cattle diseases is very heterogenous in Europe. Therefore, the standardising of the outputs of these programmes to enable comparison represents a challenge.Peer reviewe

Evaluation of solid carvedilol-loaded SMEDDS produced by the spray drying method and a study of related substances

In this study, various formulations of solidified carvedilol-loaded SMEDDS with high SMEDDS loading (up to 67% w/w) were produced with the spray drying process using various porous silica-based carriers. The process yield was improved with higher atomization gas flow rate during the spray drying process and with prolonged mixing time of dispersion of liquid SMEDDS and solid porous carriers prior to the spray drying process. Depending on the choice of the carrier and the SMEDDS:carrier ratio in solid SMEDDS, different drug loading, self-microemulsifying properties, drug release rates, and released drug fractions were obtained. The products exhibited fast drug release due to preserved self-microemulsifying properties and the absence of crystalline carvedilol, which was confirmed with XRD and Raman mapping. A decrease in drug content during the stability study was observed and investigated. This was at least partially attributed to the chemical degradation of the drug. Key degradation products determined by the LC-MS method were amides formed by in situ reaction of carvedilol with fatty acids present in the oily phase of SMEDDS

Atomically resolved dealloying of structurally ordered Pt nanoalloy as an oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalyst

The positive effect of intermetallic ordering of platinum alloy nanoparticles on oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity has been well established. What is still missing is an understanding of selective leaching of the less noble metal from the ordered structure and its correlation to longterm ORR performance. Using a combination of kinetic Monte Carlo simulations and advanced characterization techniques, we provide unprecedented insight into dealloying of intermetallic PtCu3 nanoparticles a well-known binary alloy. Comparison of ordered and disordered samples with identical initial compositions and particle size distributions reveals an unexpected correlation: whereas the copper dealloying rates in the ordered and disordered counterparts are almost the same, in the ordered structure Pt atoms are surrounded by 15−30% more Cu atoms throughout all the stages of acid leaching. This more convenient Pt−Cu coordination explains the statistically significant increase of 23−37% in ORR activity of the ordered structure at all stages of alloy degradation

Electrochemical Dissolution of Iridium and Iridium Oxide Par-ticles in Acidic Media: Transmission Electron Microscopy, Electrochemical Flow Cell Coupled to Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and X-ray Absorption Spectros-copy Study

Iridium based particles as the most promising proton exchange membrane electrolyser electrocatalysts were investigatedby transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and by coupling of electrochemical flow cell (EFC) with online inductivelycoupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). Additionally, a thin-film rotating disc electrode (RDE), an identical location transmissionand scanning electron microscopy (IL-TEM and IL-SEM) as well as an X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) studies havebeen performed. Extremely sensitive online time-and potential-resolved electrochemical dissolution profiles revealed that iridiumparticles dissolved already well below oxygen evolution reaction (OER) potentials, presumably induced by iridium surface oxidationand reduction processes, also referred to as transient dissolution. Overall, thermally prepared rutile type IrO2 particles (T-IrO2)are substantially more stable and less active in comparison to as prepared metallic (A-Ir) and electrochemically pretreated (E-Ir)analogues. Interestingly, under OER relevant conditions E-Ir particles exhibit superior stability and activity owing to the alteredcorrosion mechanism where the formation of unstable Ir(>IV) species is hindered. Due to the enhanced and lasting OER performance,electrochemically pre-oxidized E-Ir particles may be considered as the electrocatalyst of choice for an improved low temperatureelectrochemical hydrogen production device, namely a proton exchange membrane electrolyser

Electrochemical dissolution of iridium and iridium oxide particles in acidic media

Iridium based particles as the most promising proton exchange membrane electrolyser electrocatalysts were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and by coupling of electrochemical flow cell (EFC) with online inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). Additionally, a thin-film rotating disc electrode (RDE), an identical location transmission and scanning electron microscopy (IL-TEM and IL-SEM) as well as an X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) studies have been performed. Extremely sensitive online time-and potential-resolved electrochemical dissolution profiles revealed that iridium particles dissolved already well below oxygen evolution reaction (OER) potentials, presumably induced by iridium surface oxidation and reduction processes, also referred to as transient dissolution. Overall, thermally prepared rutile type IrO2 particles (T-IrO2) are substantially more stable and less active in comparison to as prepared metallic (A-Ir) and electrochemically pretreated (E-Ir) analogues. Interestingly, under OER relevant conditions E-Ir particles exhibit superior stability and activity owing to the altered corrosion mechanism where the formation of unstable Ir(>IV) species is hindered. Due to the enhanced and lasting OER performance, electrochemically pre-oxidized E-Ir particles may be considered as the electrocatalyst of choice for an improved low temperature electrochemical hydrogen production device, namely a proton exchange membrane electrolyser

Corrigendum: Control and Eradication Programs for Six Cattle Diseases in the Netherlands

A Corrigendum onControl and Eradication Programs for Six Cattle Diseases in the Netherlands by Santman-Berends, I. M. G. A., Mars, M. H., Weber, M. F., van Duijn, L., Waldeck, H. W. F., Biesheuvel, M. M., van den Brink, K. M. J. A., Dijkstra, T., Hodnik, J. J., Strain, S. A. J., de Roo, A., Veldhuis, A. M. B., and van Schaik, G. (2021). Front. Vet. Sci. 8:670419. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.67041