Turning Water into Power: Debates over the Development of Tanzania’s Rufiji River Basin, 1945–1985

This historical analysis examines the forces that shaped the collection and use of geographical data in Tanzania’s Rufiji Basin. Hoping to develop irrigated agriculture, colonial engineers surveyed the basin’s social and environmental landscapes and weighed the costs of damming. Following World War II, international experts interested in hydropower development conducted more geographical studies. While their studies offered limited information on stream flow, political and economic pressures led to their acceptance over those of colonial engineers. By illustrating how international institutions select what is accepted as knowledge and how such knowledge is used, the case highlights the politics of hydropower development in Africa. Based on archival work and fieldwork conducted in Tanzania and Sweden, this article argues that the shifting of the setting of knowledge construction from the basin to distant planning offices did not lead to projects based on better scientific knowledge, but set the stage for Tanzania’s current electricity problems

Water History and the Modern

Water Resource

Influence of key polymer attributes, manufacturing conditions and sintering on abuse deterrence of physical barrier type abuse deterrent formulations (ADF)

When sintering us used to treat tablet formulations containing polyethylene oxide (PEO), the polymer particles are able to form stronger bonds thereby increase tablet tensile strength. This increase in strength can make it more difficult for an abuser to break, chew, or grind opioid tablets. A mechanistic study was implemented to understand the key sintering factors that influence tensile strength

Physical Barrier Type Abuse-Deterrent Formulations: Mechanistic Understanding of Sintering-Induced Microstructural Changes in Polyethylene Oxide Placebo Tablets

The main goal of the presented work was to understand changes in the microstructure of tablets, as well as the properties of its main component viz. polyethylene oxide (PEO) as a function of sintering. Key polymer variables and sintering conditions were investigated, and sintering-induced increase in tablet tensile strength was evaluated. For the current study, binary-component placebo tablets comprised of varying ratios of PEO and anhydrous dibasic calcium phosphate (DCP) were prepared at two levels of tablet solid fraction. The prepared tablets were sintered in an oven at 80°C at different time points ranging from 10 to 900 min and were evaluated for pore size, tablet expansion (%), and PEO crystallinity. The results showed that for efficient sintering and a significant increase in the tablet tensile strength, a minimum of 50% w/w PEO was required. Moreover, all microstructural changes in tablets were found to occur within 60 min of sintering, with no significant changes occurring thereafter. Sintering also resulted in a decrease in PEO crystallinity, causing changes in polymer ductility. These changes in PEO ductility resulted in tablets with higher tensile strength. Formulation variables such as PEO level and PEO particle size distribution were found to be important influencers of the sintering process. Additionally, tablets with high initial solid fraction and sintering duration of 60 min were found to be optimal conditions for efficient sintering of PEO-based compacts. Finally, prolonged sintering times were not found to provide any additional benefits in terms of abuse-deterrent properties