International Consensus Statement on Rhinology and Allergy: Rhinosinusitis

Background: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR‐RS‐2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidence‐based findings of the document. Methods: ICAR‐RS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidence‐based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence‐based reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. Results: ICAR‐RS‐2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidence‐based management algorithm is provided. Conclusion: This ICAR‐RS‐2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence‐based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS

Characterization of oral virome and microbiome revealed distinctive microbiome disruptions in paediatric patients with hand, foot and mouth disease

10.1038/s41522-021-00190-ynpj Biofilms and Microbiomes711

Alterations in colorectal cancer virome and its persistence after surgery

Abstract Viruses are a key component of the colon microbiome, but the relationship between virome and colorectal cancer (CRC) remains poorly understood. We seek to identify alterations in the viral community that is characteristic of CRC and examine if they persist after surgery. Forty-nine fecal samples from 25 non-cancer (NC) individuals and 12 CRC patients, before and 6-months after surgery, were collected for metagenomic analysis. The fecal virome of CRC patients demonstrated an increased network connectivity as compared to NC individuals. Co-exclusion of influential viruses to bacterial species associated with healthy gut status was observed in CRC, suggesting an altered virome induced a change in the healthy gut bacteriome. Network analysis revealed lower connectivity within the virome and trans-kingdom interactions in NC. After surgery, the number of strong correlations decreased for trans-kingdom and within the bacteria and virome networks, indicating lower connectivity within the microbiome. Some co-occurrence patterns between dominant viruses and bacteria were also lost after surgery, suggesting a possible return to the healthy state of gut microbiome. Microbial signatures characteristic of CRC include an altered virome besides an altered bacterial composition. Elevated viral correlations and network connectivity were observed in CRC patients relative to healthy individuals, alongside distinct changes in the cross-kingdom correlation network unique to CRC patients. Some patterns of dysbiosis persist after surgery. Future studies should seek to verify if dysbiosis truly persists after surgery in a larger sample size with microbiome data collected at various time points after surgery to explore if there is field-change in the remaining colon, as well as to examine if persistent dysbiosis correlates with patient outcomes

Chelerythrine chloride inhibits Zika virus infection by targeting the viral NS4B protein

10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105732ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH21

Lichen-Derived Diffractaic Acid Inhibited Dengue Virus Replication in a Cell-Based System

10.3390/molecules28030974MOLECULES28

An epidemiological surveillance of hand foot and mouth disease in paediatric patients and in community: A Singapore retrospective cohort study, 2013-2018.

BackgroundWhile hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is primarily self-resolving-soaring incidence rate of symptomatic HFMD effectuates economic burden in the Asia-Pacific region. Singapore has seen a conspicuous rise in the number of HFMD cases from 2010s. Here, we aims to identify the serology and genotypes responsible for such outbreaks in hospitals and childcare facilities.MethodsWe studied symptomatic paediatric HFMD cases from 2013 to 2018 in Singapore. Surveillance for subclinical enterovirus infections was also performed in childcares at the same time period.ResultsGenotyping 101 symptomatic HFMD samples revealed CV-A6 as the major etiological agent for recent outbreaks. We detected infections with CV-A6 (41.0%), EV-A71 (7%), CV-A16 (3.0%), coxsackievirus A2, CV-A2 (1.0%) and coxsackievirus A10, CV-A10 (1.0%). Phylogenetic analysis of local CV-A6 strains revealed a high level of heterogeneity compared against others worldwide, dissimilar to other HFMD causative enteroviruses for which the dominant strains and genotypes are highly region specific. We detected sub-clinical enterovirus infections in childcare centres; 17.1% (n = 245) tested positive for enterovirus in saliva, without HFMD indicative symptoms at the point of sample collection.ConclusionsCV-A6 remained as the dominant HFMD causative strain in Singapore. Silent subclinical enteroviral infections were detected and warrant further investigations

Flavivirus genome recoding by codon optimisation confers genetically stable <i>in vivo</i> attenuation in both mice and mosquitoes

10.1371/journal.ppat.1011753PLOS PATHOGENS191

Plasticity of DNA methylation, functional brain connectivity and efficiency in cognitive remediation for schizophrenia

10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.03.013JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH126122-13