Beyond Metaphor: Visualizing Consciousness

In order to present my perspective on the distinction between \u27Contemporary Architecture\u27 and \u27Modern Architecture\u27 I use the following diagram

Impact of the USSR\u27s 200 Mile Fishery Zone on the Japanese-Soviet Fishery Negotiations

The current negotiations between Japan and the Soviet Union on the amount of catch by Japanese within the Soviet Union\u27s 200-mile zone and by the Soviet Union within the Japanese 200-mile zone are very complex. When the Soviets declared their 200-mile zone, Japan did not agree to Soviet fishing jurisdiction over the 200-mile zone surrounding these islands. In order to secure its traditional interests in fishing within the extensive 200-mile lines, including the disputed islands, Japan had to agree to the Soviet lines with a proviso that territorial questions would be separated from fishing rights. This thesis examines the recent history of the Japanese-Soviet fishery negotiations, with particular reference to territorial disputes as well as the influence of foreign policy issues and future problems are discussed

Dietary fat and bile juice, but not obesity, are responsible for the increase in small intestinal permeability induced through the suppression of tight junction protein expression in LETO and OLETF rats

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>An increase in the intestinal permeability is considered to be associated with the inflammatory tone and development in the obesity and diabetes, however, the pathogenesis of the increase in the intestinal permeability is poorly understood. The present study was performed to determine the influence of obesity itself as well as dietary fat on the increase in intestinal permeability.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>An obese rat strain, Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF), and the lean counter strain, Long Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO), were fed standard or high fat diets for 16 weeks. Glucose tolerance, intestinal permeability, intestinal tight junction (TJ) proteins expression, plasma bile acids concentration were evaluated. In addition, the effects of rat bile juice and dietary fat, possible mediators of the increase in the intestinal permeability in the obesity, on TJ permeability were explored in human intestinal Caco-2 cells.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The OLETF rats showed higher glucose intolerance than did the LETO rats, which became more marked with the prolonged feeding of the high fat diet. Intestinal permeability in the OLETF rats evaluated by the urinary excretion of intestinal permeability markers (Cr-EDTA and phenolsulfonphthalein) was comparable to that in the LETO rats. Feeding the high fat diet increased intestinal permeability in both the OLETF and LETO rats, and the increases correlated with decreases in TJ proteins (claudin-1, claudin-3, occludin and junctional adhesion molecule-1) expression in the small, but not in the large intestine (cecum or colon). The plasma bile acids concentration was higher in rats fed the high fat diet. Exposure to bile juice and the fat emulsion increased TJ permeability with concomitant reductions in TJ protein expression (claudin-1, claudin-3, and junctional adhesion molecule-1) in the Caco-2 cell monolayers.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Excessive dietary fat and/or increased levels of luminal bile juice, but not genetic obesity, are responsible for the increase in small intestinal permeability resulting from the suppression of TJ protein expression.</p