Phylogeny of marigolds (Tagetes L., Tageteae) based on ITS sequences

The genus Tagetes includes about 50 species, all native to the New World. Some species are widely cultivated, notably T. erecta, and many species are used as medicines, spices, and in rituals. These uses are related to the essential oils that the plants store in secretory cavities in their foliage. Despite several taxonomic contributions, there are still species complexes in need of much work. Moreover, comprehensive phylogenetic studies of Tagetes using molecular data have not been conducted yet. Here we present results of phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences from almost 50% of the species of Tagetes. The genus is resolved as monophyletic and Hydropectis as sister to Tagetes. A wild form of T. erecta is resolved as sister to T. patula, a cultivated species with smaller heads that is often treated as a synonym of the former. Tagetes lunulata, often considered closely related to T. erecta, is resolved in a different clade. Some other clades are also strongly supported, such as Lucida clade, composed of mostly subaquatic and riparian species with an anise-like scent. It is necessary to sample species missing from these analyses to obtain a better understanding of the phylogeny of Tagetes, which will also allow us to postulate more robust evolutionary hypotheses, such as divergence times and character evolution, as well as to guide the search for medicines or other desirable traits from the closest wild relatives of the cultivated species.Fil: Hinojosa Espinosa, Oscar. University of California at Davis; Estados UnidosFil: Schiavinato, Dario Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentin

El género Stevia (Eupatorieae, Asteraceae) en el estado de Morelos, México

Background and Aims: The genus Stevia (Eupatorieae) is the third most diverse of the family Asteraceae in Mexico, with 116 species, of which 107 are endemic to the country. Its species are characterized by a cylindrical, uniseriate involucre, consisting of five bracts surrounding five flowers and cylindrical to fusiform achenes, usually with a pappus of scales, scales and awns or coroniform. Even though it is relatively simple to recognize the genus Stevia, the identification of its species is often quite complicated, as many species are not clearly delimitated, and in addition many hybridize or form apomictic populations. Hence, as a first strategy to improve the knowledge of the genus Stevia in Mexico, a taxonomic synopsis of the genus was carried out in the state of Morelos, which includes one fifth of the Mexican species.Methods: The specimens of the National Herbarium of Mexico (MEXU), as well as specimens from other national and foreign herbaria were studied in detail. Based on examination of the specimens the descriptions and key were prepared, and from the collection labels the ecogeographical data of the species were synthesized. The locations were georeferenced to elaborate the distribution maps.Key results: A synopsis of the genus for Morelos is presented, which includes a key for the identification of the species, descriptions of each of them and maps illustrating their geographical distribution in the state.Conclusions: In the state of Morelos, there are 25 species of the genus, 17 of them endemic to Mexico. The species grow preferentially in the temperate forests of the state, especially in the pine-oak and oak forests, with a few of them tolerating the tropical lowland environments.Antecedentes y Objetivos: El género Stevia (Eupatorieae) es el tercero más diverso de la familia Asteraceae en México, con 116 especies, de las cuales 107 son endémicas del país. Sus especies se caracterizan por presentar un involucro cilíndrico, uniseriado, formado por cinco brácteas que rodean a cinco flores y aquenios cilíndricos a fusiformes; por lo general con un vilano de escamas, escamas y aristas, o coroniforme. Si bien Stevia es un género relativamente fácil de reconocer, la identificación de sus especies suele ser bastante complicada debido a que muchas de ellas no están claramente delimitadas; además, varias hibridan o se reproducen de manera apomíctica. Por lo tanto, como una primera estrategia encaminada a mejorar el conocimiento de Stevia en México, se presenta una sinopsis taxonómica de este género en el estado de Morelos, el cual incluye una quinta parte de las especies mexicanas.Métodos: Se estudiaron con detalle los ejemplares del Herbario Nacional de México (MEXU) y de algunos otros herbarios nacionales y extranjeros. Con el análisis de los ejemplares se realizaron las descripciones y la clave, y con las etiquetas de recolecta se sintetizaron los datos ecogeográficos de las especies. Las localidades de recolecta se georreferenciaron para elaborar los mapas de distribución.Resultados clave: Se presenta una sinopsis del género para Morelos, que incluye una clave para la identificación de las especies, descripciones de cada una de ellas y mapas ilustrando su distribución geográfica en el estado.Conclusiones: En el estado de Morelos se registran 25 especies del género, 17 de ellas endémicas de México. Las especies crecen preferentemente en los bosques templados del estado, sobre todo en los bosques de pino-encino y de encino, con unas pocas de ellas tolerando los ambientes tropicales de las partes bajas

Gestión y análisis de los fenómenos en las organizaciones

272 páginas.En el primer capítulo se presenta La función directiva y la gestión de la innovación basada en la recreación del ser social … en él se plantea que la función directiva en las organizaciones económicas contemporáneas exige un proceso continuo de análisis y reflexión ya que hay profundos cambios debidos a la globalización. El segundo capítulo trata sobre la administración y gestión, fenómenos organizacionales en el eje del discurso social, que tiene como objetivo distinguir la diferencia entre administración y gestión. Los autores sostienen que estos conceptos son diferentes ya que una y otra representan elaboraciones discursivas con diferentes propósitos. El capítulo tres, Reflexión del aspecto social en la formación de los estudiantes de administración a través de la revisión de los Planes y Programas impartidos en la UAM, UNAM, IPN y La Salle, … tiene por objetivo realizar un análisis comparativo a partir de la revisión de diferentes Planes de Estudio de Instituciones de Educación Superior, públicas y privadas. … El capítulo cuatro se titula Problemas y agenda de investigación organizacionales de la Agencia Mexicana de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo. Los autores sostienen que la política pública, las organizaciones y las relaciones entre éstas pueden entenderse como fenómenos organizacionales y por tanto ser estudiadas desde la perspectiva organizacional. El capítulo cinco, que lleva por título Vicisitudes de la incorporación tecnológica en la organización a propósito de los sistemas de información. Los autores sostienen que cuando se incorpora tecnología en una organización se hace visible la resistencia al cambio de algunas generaciones, lo que permite visibilizar la brecha generacional y la necesidad de alfabetización digital. Podemos decir que este capítulo conceptualiza, revisa, estudia y advierte sobre las vicisitudes de la incorporación tecnológica en la organización a propósito de los sistemas de información. El sexto y último capítulo del libro se titula LIA: emprendimiento de mujeres en una startup. En este trabajo se presentan las interrogantes surgidas después de que una de las autoras ganara un premio internacional en una startup. Las consideraciones versan sobre el sistema capitalista y las startup como organizaciones que fomentan el emprendimiento; lo que obliga a las autoras a explicar qué significa emprendimiento y específicamente emprendimiento femenino, para poder exponer el caso LIA, que es el emprendimiento femenino ganador del premio internacional

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Boeberoides grandiflora (DC.) Strother

Capitulo radiado, constituido por 13 flores radiadas perifericas y numerosas flores del disco (las mas centrales en boton

Systematic studies in the marigold (Tageteae) and thoroughwort (Eupatorieae) tribes (Asteraceae)

The family Asteraceae is currently divided into 50 tribes. Some tribes, such as the marigold and thoroughwort tribes (Tageteae and Eupatorieae, respectively), include species that are native to the New World. Tageteae is more diverse and abundant in the xeric regions of Mexico and adjacent Southwest USA and includes species such as the marigolds (Tagetes spp.) and Dahlberg daisies (Thymophylla tenuiloba). Several other species have been used as medicines, spices, and garden ornamentals. Most members of Tageteae are characterized by the presence of secretory cavities in the foliage, which stored ethereal oils. Eupatorieae has two main centers of diversity, one in South America and another in Mexico, where it is especially well developed in temperate forests. It includes species that have been used in traditional medicine and as garden ornamentals, as well as Stevia rebaudiana, is the source of a sugar substitute. Species of Eupatorieae are characterized by discoid capitula and their often showy style branches.In the research documented in this dissertation, a variety of systematic studies using molecular data were conducted. In Chapter One, phylogenetic relationships, divergence time, and ancestral ranges of the genera Adenophyllum and Thymophylla (Tageteae) are estimated using nrDNA (ITS and ETS) and cpDNA (trnL-F spacer, ndhI gene and ndhI-ndhG spacer, and psbA-trnH spacer). The results support the transfer of two species of Adenophyllum to Boeberastrum, the segregation of two new genera, Adenophylloides and Thymophyllastrum, and the transfer of Strotheria gypsophila to Thymophylla. Chapter Two presents phylogenetic analyses, divergence times, and ancestral character state estimation of the secretory cavities of Tageteae sensu lato, using ITS and ETS data. Also, the sclerification of the anther appendages in the tribe is studied. Tageteae sensu lato is resolved as paraphyletic and based on the phylogenies estimated, the secretory cavities probably evolved once and were subsequently lost in at least one descendant node. Most species of Tageteae sensu lato have strongly sclerified anther appendages, but the sclerification is also found in representatives of the tribes Bahieae, Chaenactideae, and Heliantheae. Future phylogenetic and divergence time analyses of Tageteae sensu lato should consider using cpDNA data and include more outgroups. In Chapter Three, a phylogeny of marigolds (Tagetes) is estimated using ITS data and sampling almost 50% of the species. The results support the monophyly of Tagetes and its sister relationship to Hydropectis. It is desirable to conduct additional phylogenetic analyses using more molecular data, especially cpDNA, and including the species of Tagetes that were not available in this study. Finally, in Chapter Four, phylogenetic analyses of the plumeweeds (Carminatia, Eupatorieae) based on ITS, ETS, and psbA-trnH data, are presented. The results support the monophyly of the genus and the description of a new species, Carminatia balsana, which is confined to tropical deciduous forests of the Balsas Basin in Mexico. A taxonomic revision of the genus including taxonomic keys, descriptions, pictures, add distribution maps is rendered. This dissertation represents an important contribution to the systematics of tribes Tageteae and Eupatorieae of the large family Asteraceae. Each chapter also provides recommendations for future research on these groups

Systematic studies in the marigold (Tageteae) and thoroughwort (Eupatorieae) tribes (Asteraceae)

The family Asteraceae is currently divided into 50 tribes. Some tribes, such as the marigold and thoroughwort tribes (Tageteae and Eupatorieae, respectively), include species that are native to the New World. Tageteae is more diverse and abundant in the xeric regions of Mexico and adjacent Southwest USA and includes species such as the marigolds (Tagetes spp.) and Dahlberg daisies (Thymophylla tenuiloba). Several other species have been used as medicines, spices, and garden ornamentals. Most members of Tageteae are characterized by the presence of secretory cavities in the foliage, which stored ethereal oils. Eupatorieae has two main centers of diversity, one in South America and another in Mexico, where it is especially well developed in temperate forests. It includes species that have been used in traditional medicine and as garden ornamentals, as well as Stevia rebaudiana, is the source of a sugar substitute. Species of Eupatorieae are characterized by discoid capitula and their often showy style branches.In the research documented in this dissertation, a variety of systematic studies using molecular data were conducted. In Chapter One, phylogenetic relationships, divergence time, and ancestral ranges of the genera Adenophyllum and Thymophylla (Tageteae) are estimated using nrDNA (ITS and ETS) and cpDNA (trnL-F spacer, ndhI gene and ndhI-ndhG spacer, and psbA-trnH spacer). The results support the transfer of two species of Adenophyllum to Boeberastrum, the segregation of two new genera, Adenophylloides and Thymophyllastrum, and the transfer of Strotheria gypsophila to Thymophylla. Chapter Two presents phylogenetic analyses, divergence times, and ancestral character state estimation of the secretory cavities of Tageteae sensu lato, using ITS and ETS data. Also, the sclerification of the anther appendages in the tribe is studied. Tageteae sensu lato is resolved as paraphyletic and based on the phylogenies estimated, the secretory cavities probably evolved once and were subsequently lost in at least one descendant node. Most species of Tageteae sensu lato have strongly sclerified anther appendages, but the sclerification is also found in representatives of the tribes Bahieae, Chaenactideae, and Heliantheae. Future phylogenetic and divergence time analyses of Tageteae sensu lato should consider using cpDNA data and include more outgroups. In Chapter Three, a phylogeny of marigolds (Tagetes) is estimated using ITS data and sampling almost 50% of the species. The results support the monophyly of Tagetes and its sister relationship to Hydropectis. It is desirable to conduct additional phylogenetic analyses using more molecular data, especially cpDNA, and including the species of Tagetes that were not available in this study. Finally, in Chapter Four, phylogenetic analyses of the plumeweeds (Carminatia, Eupatorieae) based on ITS, ETS, and psbA-trnH data, are presented. The results support the monophyly of the genus and the description of a new species, Carminatia balsana, which is confined to tropical deciduous forests of the Balsas Basin in Mexico. A taxonomic revision of the genus including taxonomic keys, descriptions, pictures, add distribution maps is rendered. This dissertation represents an important contribution to the systematics of tribes Tageteae and Eupatorieae of the large family Asteraceae. Each chapter also provides recommendations for future research on these groups