Training and Pruning Fruit Trees

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Labor Law - Norris - Laguardia Act - Federal Courts Without Jurisdiction to Enjoin Strike in Support of Demand That No Jobs Be Abolished Without Railiway Union\u27s Consent

Respondent railroad sought authority from the South Dakota Public Utilities Commission to reduce the number of its station agents. Petitioner union not only contested but also demanded of the railroad that the following provision be added to the existing collective bargaining agreement: No position in existence on December 3, 1957, will be abolished or discontinued except by agreement between the carrier and the organization. The commission thereafter found maintenance of the particular jobs to be wasteful and issued a mandatory order directing their abandonment. When the union prepared to strike in support of its demanded contract provision, the railroad sought an injunction in a federal district court. The district court\u27s denial of injunctive relief was reversed by the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. On certiorari to the United States Supreme Court, held, reversed, three Justices dissenting, one Justice concurring specially. The union\u27s demand presented a lawfully bargainable issue under the Railway Labor Act, and the Norris-LaGuardia Act applied to deny jurisdiction to issue an injunction. Order of R.R. Telegraphers v. Chicago & No. W. Ry., 362 U.S. 330 (1960)

Field dependence of impact ionization coefficients in In0.53Ga0.47As

Electron and hole ionization coefficients in In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As are deduced from mixed carrier avalanche photomultiplication measurements on a series of p-i-n diode layers, eliminating other effects that can lead to an increase in photocurrent with reverse bias. Low field ionization is observed for electrons but not for holes, resulting in a larger ratio of ionization coefficients, even at moderately high electric fields than previously reported. The measured ionization coefficients are marginally lower than those of GaAs for fields above 250 kVcm/sup -1/, supporting reports of slightly higher avalanche breakdown voltages in In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As than in GaAs p-i-n diodes

Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Published Opinions of the New Tax Officialdom: A Review

President John F. Kennedy has appointed as his principal tax officials two men who have long been on record as proponents of tax reform. This comment is a collection and, to a small extent, an analysis of the opinions found in their published statements on taxation. Stanley S. Surrey, fifty-year-old Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Tax Policy, first served with the Treasury Department in 1937. He was Tax Legislative Counsel from 1942 to 1947 and later served as Special Counsel to the House Ways and Means Subcommittee on Administration of the Revenue Laws. He also has served as Reporter of the American Law Institute Tax Project and as a member of the Shoup Mission, which revised Japan\u27s tax system after World War II. Mortimer Caplin, a forty-four-year-old professor at the University of Virginia Law School when he was appointed Commissioner of Internal Revenue, is a member of the Tax Advisory Group of the American Law Institute. The two men have remarkably similar views on the general situation of the federal income tax today and on most of the reforms they advocate. Both fear a present and impending emasculation of the Internal Revenue Code by popular disrespect and a gradual narrowing of its base. The two factors, in their opinion, reinforce one another. Widespread lack of confidence in the essential fairness of the tax makes it easy for Congress to create tax shelters for pressure groups. Tax shelters for pressure groups, and the complex code provisions which they require, create further dissatisfaction. A two-pronged attack on the problem is proposed: first, elimination of tax shelters by legislation, litigation, and stronger enforcement; second, a reduction in rates to eliminate unfairness and congressional sympathy for high-bracket taxpayers

Excess noise characteristics of Al0.8Ga0.2As avalanche photodiodes

The avalanche noise characteristics of Al0.8Ga0.2 As have been measured in a range of p-i-n and n-i-p diodes with i-region widths ω varying from 1.02 to 0.02 μm. While thick bulk diodes exhibit low excess noise from electron initiated multiplication, owing to the large α/β ratio (1/k), the excess noise of diodes with ω < 0.31 μm were found to be greatly reduced by the effects of dead space. The thinnest diodes exhibit very low excess noise, corresponding to k = 0.08, up to a multiplication value of 90. In contrast to most III-V materials, it was found that both thick and thin Al0.8Ga0.2As multiplication layers can give very low excess noise and that electrons must initiate multiplication to minimize excess noise, even in thin structure

The Axiverse Extended: Vacuum Destabilisation, Early Dark Energy and Cosmological Collapse

A model is presented in the philosophy of the "String Axiverse" of Arvanitaki et al (arXiv:0905.4720v2 [hep-th]) that incorporates a coupling of ultralight axions to their corresponding moduli through the mass term. The light fields roll in their potentials at late times and contribute to the dark sector energy densities in the cosmological expansion. The addition of a coupling and extra field greatly enrich the possible phenomenology of the axiverse. There are a number of interesting phases where the axion and modulus components behave as Dark Matter or Dark Energy and can have considerable and distinct effects on the expansion history of the universe by modifying the equation of state in the past or causing possible future collapse of the universe. In future such a coupling may help to alleviate fine tuning problems for cosmological axions. We motivate and present the model, and briefly explore its cosmological consequences numerically.Comment: 13 pages, 17 figures, published in PRD. v3: corrected SUSY interpretation of axion potential scal

A copula model of wind turbine performance

The conventional means of assessing the performance of a wind turbine is through consideration of its power curve which provides the relationship between power output and measured wind speed. In this paper it is shown how the joint probability distribution of power and wind speed can be learned from data, rather than from examination of the implied function of the two variables. Such an approach incorporates measures of uncertainty into performance estimates, allows inter-plant performance comparison, and could be used to simulate plant operation via sampling. A preliminary model is formulated and fitted to operational data as an illustration