Exemplary Expertise. Josef Maschka’s Forensic Case Digest of Prague Faculty Opinions (1853–1873)

Based on the multi-volume case digest offaculty opinions, edited by Josef Maschka from Charles University in Pragueduring the second half of the nineteenth century, this paper examines boththe intention and efficacy of this exceptional medico-legal source. Facultyopinions were the result of a collective discourse, aimed at presenting an irrevocablemedical expertise to support court decisions in controversial cases.Our analysis addresses two separate levels of meaning: first, we reconstructthe actual circumstances of examination, answering questions as to why thefaculty was involved and which schemes were followed. How did their expertview refer to previous medical opinions and which discursive strategies wereused to strengthen the faculty’s hegemonic interpretation? Our second focuslies on the digest’s educational value, asking whom it was aimed at and how itwas received by the audience. Finally, did faculty opinions really present exemplaryexpertise?Based on the multi-volume case digest offaculty opinions, edited by Josef Maschka from Charles University in Pragueduring the second half of the nineteenth century, this paper examines boththe intention and efficacy of this exceptional medico-legal source. Facultyopinions were the result of a collective discourse, aimed at presenting an irrevocablemedical expertise to support court decisions in controversial cases.Our analysis addresses two separate levels of meaning: first, we reconstructthe actual circumstances of examination, answering questions as to why thefaculty was involved and which schemes were followed. How did their expertview refer to previous medical opinions and which discursive strategies wereused to strengthen the faculty’s hegemonic interpretation? Our second focuslies on the digest’s educational value, asking whom it was aimed at and how itwas received by the audience. Finally, did faculty opinions really present exemplaryexpertise

Agieren im Graubereich der Professionen : Professionalisierungskonflikte zwischen Hebammen und Wundärzten in einer Tiroler Pfarre des 19. Jahrhunderts

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„Crystal merkst du erst, wenn es zu spät ist“. : Betreute Online-Foren als Orte des Austausches von Suchterfahrungen

(VLID)166100

Heterologous pulcherrimin production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae confers inhibitory activity on Botrytis conidiation

Pulcherrimin is an iron (III) chelate of pulcherriminic acid that plays a role in antagonistic microbial interactions, iron metabolism, and stress responses. Some bacteria and yeasts produce pulcherriminic acid, but so far, pulcherrimin could not be produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, multiple integrations of the Metschnikowia pulcherrima PUL1 and PUL2 genes in the S. cerevisiae genome resulted in red colonies, which indicated pulcherrimin formation. The coloration correlated positively and significantly with the number of PUL1 and PUL2 genes. The presence of pulcherriminic acid was confirmed by mass spectrometry. In vitro competition assays with the plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis caroliana revealed inhibitory activity on conidiation by an engineered, strong pulcherrimin-producing S. cerevisiae strain. We demonstrate that the PUL1 and PUL2 genes from M. pulcherrima, in multiple copies, are sufficient to transfer pulcherrimin production to S. cerevisiae and represent the starting point for engineering and optimizing this biosynthetic pathway in the future.ISSN:1567-1356ISSN:1567-136

Morphological and molecular identification of four Brazilian commercial isolates of Pleurotus spp. and cultivation on corncob

The species of Pleurotus have great commercial importance and adaptability for growth and fructification within a wide variety of agro-industrial lignocellulosic wastes. In this study, two substrates prepared from ground corncobs supplemented with rice bran and charcoal were tested for mycelium growth kinetics in test tubes and for the cultivation of four Pleurotus commercial isolates in polypropylene bags. The identification of the isolates was based on the morphology of the basidiomata obtained and on sequencing of the LSU rDNA gene. Three isolates were identified as P. ostreatus, and one was identified as P. djamor. All isolates had better in-depth mycelium development in the charcoal-supplemented substrate. In the cultivation experiment, the isolates reacted differently to the two substrates. One isolate showed particularly high growth on the substrate containing charcoal.<br>Espécies de Pleurotus têm grande importância comercial e adaptabilidade para crescimento e frutificação em uma ampla variedade de resíduos agro-industriais lignocelulósicos. Neste trabalho foram testados dois substratos à base de sabugo de milho triturado, suplementados com farelo de arroz e carvão vegetal, para avaliação da cinética de crescimento micelial em tubos de ensaio e produção em sacos de polipropileno, utilizando quatro isolados comerciais. O estudo taxonômico foi realizado com a análise da morfologia dos basidiomas obtidos em cultivo e pelo seqüenciamento do gene nLSU do DNAr, para certificar a identificação taxonômica. Os isolados tiveram melhor desenvolvimento micelial em profundidade no substrato suplementado com carvão vegetal. Em relação à produção, os isolados reagiram de formas distintas em função dos substratos, sendo significativamente melhor o substrato contendo carvão. Três isolados foram identificados como P. ostreatus e o outro foi identificado como P. djamor

Toward the Standardization of Biochar Analysis: The COST Action TD1107 Interlaboratory Comparison

Biochar produced by pyrolysis of organic residues is increasingly used for soil amendment and many other applications. However, analytical methods for its physical and chemical characterization are yet far from being specifically adapted, optimized, and standardized. Therefore, COST Action TD1107 conducted an interlaboratory comparison in which 22 laboratories from 12 countries analyzed three different types of biochar for 38 physical–chemical parameters (macro- and microelements, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pH, electrical conductivity, and specific surface area) with their preferential methods. The data were evaluated in detail using professional interlaboratory testing software. Whereas intralaboratory repeatability was generally good or at least acceptable, interlaboratory reproducibility was mostly not (20% < mean reproducibility standard deviation < 460%). This paper contributes to better comparability of biochar data published already and provides recommendations to improve and harmonize specific methods for biochar analysis in the future.ISSN:0021-8561ISSN:1520-511